Feature

What current events are keeping Americans up at night? The economy, gun violence, and hate crimes top the list, results from a newly released American Psychiatric Association (APA) survey showed.

Anxiety about international conflicts — namely, the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars — also remains high.

“While we like to stay informed, the news can also impact our mental health, and being mindful of that impact is important. If current events seem overwhelming it may be time to limit your news consumption,” APA CEO and Medical Director Marketa M. Wills, MD, MBD, said in a statement.

Survey results also revealed the election and the holidays were common sources of stress.

“Election stress is common, and it’s important to recognize that, as we’re spending more time with family around the holidays, we might need to have a strategy to manage our own mental health during these times,” Howard Liu, MD, MBA, chair of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, told this news organization.

“As with any difficult topic, we all have different levels of avoidance or desire to engage, and it’s okay to set boundaries based on past conversations with family. I think sometimes we get drawn into arguments that we don’t want to have or may not be productive for either side,” said Liu, who chairs the APA Council on Communications.

In line with trends throughout 2024, adults polled by the APA in November were most anxious about the economy (75%), gun violence (64%), and hate crimes (60%). The survey included 2200 US adults as part of the APA’s Healthy Minds monthly series.

Anxiety about international conflicts remained high in November at 57% — but was down from 65% in August.

Election anxiety remained high in mid-November but not as high as before the election. In August, 72% of Americans said they were anxious about the 2024 election. In November, just after the election, 50% reported anxiety over the election outcome.

“I think the anticipation of change can sometimes be worse than the change itself. So I think a lot of people are now taking the attitude of — let’s wait and see what actually happens,” said Liu.

Half the adults (50%) anticipate the same amount of stress as the 2023 holiday season, while almost one third expect more stress (28%), and one fourth anticipate less stress (23%).

When asked how the holidays generally affect their mental health, 38% said it has positive effects, and 21% said the opposite was true.

 

Anxiety About the Future

After a divisive election, most Americans were ready to avoid politics at holiday gatherings, results of a separate poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in late November showed.

That poll, which included 2000 US adults, showed that more than 7 in 10 (72%) said they wanted to avoid talking about politics with family and friends over the holidays.

In addition, nearly two in five adults (39%) reported they were stressed by the thought of politics being raised at holiday gatherings and would try to avoid family members they disagree with. Younger adults were significantly more likely than were their older counterparts to report they planned to avoid family over the holidays.

The future of the nation also weighs on the minds of many Americans.

Another poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in August prior to the 2024 US presidential election showed that 77% of respondents said the future of the nation was a significant source of stress for them.

In the postelection poll, more than one third of adults (35%) said they are more stressed about the future of the nation now than they were leading up to the election, and another third reported they are now less stressed (32%). A quarter of adults (24%) said their stress about the future of the nation was unchanged, and 9% said they were not stressed about the future of the nation then or now.

“There’s still clearly a lot of uncertainty, and there’s a lot of activity right now for the president-elect,” which can contribute to anxiety, C. Vaile Wright, PhD, psychologist, researcher and spokesperson for the American Psychological Association, told this news organization.

These data also show that many Americans have little or no trust in the government, with some wanting to leave the United States.

“It’s a reflection of the lack of strong leadership across the board in this country. We have a governmental system in place that does not seem to serve the people, but to serve corporations and maintenance of power. I think people are disillusioned with it and that creates a lack of trust and hopelessness,” Wright noted.

Liu and Wright reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

What current events are keeping Americans up at night? The economy, gun violence, and hate crimes top the list, results from a newly released American Psychiatric Association (APA) survey showed.

Anxiety about international conflicts — namely, the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars — also remains high.

“While we like to stay informed, the news can also impact our mental health, and being mindful of that impact is important. If current events seem overwhelming it may be time to limit your news consumption,” APA CEO and Medical Director Marketa M. Wills, MD, MBD, said in a statement.

Survey results also revealed the election and the holidays were common sources of stress.

“Election stress is common, and it’s important to recognize that, as we’re spending more time with family around the holidays, we might need to have a strategy to manage our own mental health during these times,” Howard Liu, MD, MBA, chair of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, told this news organization.

“As with any difficult topic, we all have different levels of avoidance or desire to engage, and it’s okay to set boundaries based on past conversations with family. I think sometimes we get drawn into arguments that we don’t want to have or may not be productive for either side,” said Liu, who chairs the APA Council on Communications.

In line with trends throughout 2024, adults polled by the APA in November were most anxious about the economy (75%), gun violence (64%), and hate crimes (60%). The survey included 2200 US adults as part of the APA’s Healthy Minds monthly series.

Anxiety about international conflicts remained high in November at 57% — but was down from 65% in August.

Election anxiety remained high in mid-November but not as high as before the election. In August, 72% of Americans said they were anxious about the 2024 election. In November, just after the election, 50% reported anxiety over the election outcome.

“I think the anticipation of change can sometimes be worse than the change itself. So I think a lot of people are now taking the attitude of — let’s wait and see what actually happens,” said Liu.

Half the adults (50%) anticipate the same amount of stress as the 2023 holiday season, while almost one third expect more stress (28%), and one fourth anticipate less stress (23%).

When asked how the holidays generally affect their mental health, 38% said it has positive effects, and 21% said the opposite was true.

 

Anxiety About the Future

After a divisive election, most Americans were ready to avoid politics at holiday gatherings, results of a separate poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in late November showed.

That poll, which included 2000 US adults, showed that more than 7 in 10 (72%) said they wanted to avoid talking about politics with family and friends over the holidays.

In addition, nearly two in five adults (39%) reported they were stressed by the thought of politics being raised at holiday gatherings and would try to avoid family members they disagree with. Younger adults were significantly more likely than were their older counterparts to report they planned to avoid family over the holidays.

The future of the nation also weighs on the minds of many Americans.

Another poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in August prior to the 2024 US presidential election showed that 77% of respondents said the future of the nation was a significant source of stress for them.

In the postelection poll, more than one third of adults (35%) said they are more stressed about the future of the nation now than they were leading up to the election, and another third reported they are now less stressed (32%). A quarter of adults (24%) said their stress about the future of the nation was unchanged, and 9% said they were not stressed about the future of the nation then or now.

“There’s still clearly a lot of uncertainty, and there’s a lot of activity right now for the president-elect,” which can contribute to anxiety, C. Vaile Wright, PhD, psychologist, researcher and spokesperson for the American Psychological Association, told this news organization.

These data also show that many Americans have little or no trust in the government, with some wanting to leave the United States.

“It’s a reflection of the lack of strong leadership across the board in this country. We have a governmental system in place that does not seem to serve the people, but to serve corporations and maintenance of power. I think people are disillusioned with it and that creates a lack of trust and hopelessness,” Wright noted.

Liu and Wright reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

What current events are keeping Americans up at night? The economy, gun violence, and hate crimes top the list, results from a newly released American Psychiatric Association (APA) survey showed.

Anxiety about international conflicts — namely, the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars — also remains high.

“While we like to stay informed, the news can also impact our mental health, and being mindful of that impact is important. If current events seem overwhelming it may be time to limit your news consumption,” APA CEO and Medical Director Marketa M. Wills, MD, MBD, said in a statement.

Survey results also revealed the election and the holidays were common sources of stress.

“Election stress is common, and it’s important to recognize that, as we’re spending more time with family around the holidays, we might need to have a strategy to manage our own mental health during these times,” Howard Liu, MD, MBA, chair of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, told this news organization.

“As with any difficult topic, we all have different levels of avoidance or desire to engage, and it’s okay to set boundaries based on past conversations with family. I think sometimes we get drawn into arguments that we don’t want to have or may not be productive for either side,” said Liu, who chairs the APA Council on Communications.

In line with trends throughout 2024, adults polled by the APA in November were most anxious about the economy (75%), gun violence (64%), and hate crimes (60%). The survey included 2200 US adults as part of the APA’s Healthy Minds monthly series.

Anxiety about international conflicts remained high in November at 57% — but was down from 65% in August.

Election anxiety remained high in mid-November but not as high as before the election. In August, 72% of Americans said they were anxious about the 2024 election. In November, just after the election, 50% reported anxiety over the election outcome.

“I think the anticipation of change can sometimes be worse than the change itself. So I think a lot of people are now taking the attitude of — let’s wait and see what actually happens,” said Liu.

Half the adults (50%) anticipate the same amount of stress as the 2023 holiday season, while almost one third expect more stress (28%), and one fourth anticipate less stress (23%).

When asked how the holidays generally affect their mental health, 38% said it has positive effects, and 21% said the opposite was true.

 

Anxiety About the Future

After a divisive election, most Americans were ready to avoid politics at holiday gatherings, results of a separate poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in late November showed.

That poll, which included 2000 US adults, showed that more than 7 in 10 (72%) said they wanted to avoid talking about politics with family and friends over the holidays.

In addition, nearly two in five adults (39%) reported they were stressed by the thought of politics being raised at holiday gatherings and would try to avoid family members they disagree with. Younger adults were significantly more likely than were their older counterparts to report they planned to avoid family over the holidays.

The future of the nation also weighs on the minds of many Americans.

Another poll conducted by the American Psychological Association in August prior to the 2024 US presidential election showed that 77% of respondents said the future of the nation was a significant source of stress for them.

In the postelection poll, more than one third of adults (35%) said they are more stressed about the future of the nation now than they were leading up to the election, and another third reported they are now less stressed (32%). A quarter of adults (24%) said their stress about the future of the nation was unchanged, and 9% said they were not stressed about the future of the nation then or now.

“There’s still clearly a lot of uncertainty, and there’s a lot of activity right now for the president-elect,” which can contribute to anxiety, C. Vaile Wright, PhD, psychologist, researcher and spokesperson for the American Psychological Association, told this news organization.

These data also show that many Americans have little or no trust in the government, with some wanting to leave the United States.

“It’s a reflection of the lack of strong leadership across the board in this country. We have a governmental system in place that does not seem to serve the people, but to serve corporations and maintenance of power. I think people are disillusioned with it and that creates a lack of trust and hopelessness,” Wright noted.

Liu and Wright reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

More than two thirds of American counties don’t have an endocrinologist, according to a new analysis by GoodRx, a company that provides discount coupons for medications.

A total of 50 million people who live in the 2168 counties without a practicing endocrinologist are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes, according to the analysis. 

The author reported that individuals who live in endocrinology “deserts” are 12% more likely to die from endocrine-related conditions and have higher rates of diabetes, obesity, and stroke than those who live in counties where there are endocrinologists.

GoodRx’s finely detailed maps show that endocrinologists are clustered on the coasts and around major cities. Many counties have just a single endocrinologist and no pediatric endocrinologists.

Endocrinologists are not flocking to areas with a high type 2 diabetes prevalence — such as southern states, many parts of Texas, and counties with high concentrations of Native Americans or Alaskan Natives.

The maps speak volumes about disparities. In Sabine Parish, Louisiana, which shares a border with east Texas, the adult diabetes prevalence is 14%. The age-adjusted diabetes death rate is 52.6 per 100,000, in a population of 16,936 adults. There are no endocrinologists in that parish and one in a bordering parish.

In the entire state of Alaska, there are a total of two adult endocrinologists — one in Anchorage County and one in Fairbanks County — and two pediatric endocrinologists, both in Anchorage.

Buffalo County, South Dakota, which has no endocrinologists and is dominated by the Crow Creek Reservation, has a diabetes prevalence of 16.6% and a diabetes death rate of 143.3 per 100,000.

Connecticut’s Hartford County, however, has 69 adult endocrinologists and 9 pediatric endocrinologists. The adult diabetes prevalence is 0%, and the death rate is 26.3 per 100,000, in a population of 896,854.

To come up with its maps, GoodRx used population estimates from the 2024 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Places dataset and calculated adult diabetes rates and age-adjusted diabetes-related death rates per 100,000 using the 2024 CDC Places and CDC Wonder datasets. Data on the number of practicing endocrinologists came from HealthLink Dimensions, a company that provides databases for marketing purposes.

Robert Lash, MD, chief medical officer for The Endocrine Society, said that the GoodRx data are not especially new. Endocrinology “deserts” have existed for a decade or more, Lash said.

The GoodRx analysis concluded that a lack of endocrinologists in the “desert” counties directly led to higher death rates in those areas. “This is much more an association that it is causation,” countered Lash, noting that the deserts tend to align with healthcare professional shortage areas.

GoodRx also acknowledged the overlap and said that it could mean less access to primary care. In turn, “many patients may not even receive a diagnosis for endocrine-related conditions, let alone the specialized care they need,” wrote the analyst. “Preventable conditions like diabetes spiral into severe complications.”

Lash said seeking out a primary care doctor is one option for those without access to an endocrinologist. Telemedicine has also helped expand access, said Lash, adding that endocrinologists have been among the more frequent users.

Even so, the shortage of endocrinologists is an ongoing problem, he said. Only about 5000-6000 endocrinologists are actively practicing, estimates The Endocrine Society.

Fewer medical school graduates are choosing endocrinology, in part because of the lack of compensation, said Lash.

The society has begun a push to interest more students. Starting in 2024, The Society awarded grants to 10 medical schools to start endocrinology interest groups. The Medical School Engagement Program also sponsors two students for a VIP-type experience at the annual scientific meeting.

The hope is to boost interest in fellowships, which come after 3 years of internal medicine residency. Currently, there are only about 11 applicants for every 10 fellowship spots, said Lash.

It may be a while before the society’s experiment bears fruit. Those entering medical school in 2024 would not be eligible for fellowship until 2031, noted Lash.

“We’re in this for the long haul,” he said. “We know that this problem is not going to get solved overnight.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

More than two thirds of American counties don’t have an endocrinologist, according to a new analysis by GoodRx, a company that provides discount coupons for medications.

A total of 50 million people who live in the 2168 counties without a practicing endocrinologist are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes, according to the analysis. 

The author reported that individuals who live in endocrinology “deserts” are 12% more likely to die from endocrine-related conditions and have higher rates of diabetes, obesity, and stroke than those who live in counties where there are endocrinologists.

GoodRx’s finely detailed maps show that endocrinologists are clustered on the coasts and around major cities. Many counties have just a single endocrinologist and no pediatric endocrinologists.

Endocrinologists are not flocking to areas with a high type 2 diabetes prevalence — such as southern states, many parts of Texas, and counties with high concentrations of Native Americans or Alaskan Natives.

The maps speak volumes about disparities. In Sabine Parish, Louisiana, which shares a border with east Texas, the adult diabetes prevalence is 14%. The age-adjusted diabetes death rate is 52.6 per 100,000, in a population of 16,936 adults. There are no endocrinologists in that parish and one in a bordering parish.

In the entire state of Alaska, there are a total of two adult endocrinologists — one in Anchorage County and one in Fairbanks County — and two pediatric endocrinologists, both in Anchorage.

Buffalo County, South Dakota, which has no endocrinologists and is dominated by the Crow Creek Reservation, has a diabetes prevalence of 16.6% and a diabetes death rate of 143.3 per 100,000.

Connecticut’s Hartford County, however, has 69 adult endocrinologists and 9 pediatric endocrinologists. The adult diabetes prevalence is 0%, and the death rate is 26.3 per 100,000, in a population of 896,854.

To come up with its maps, GoodRx used population estimates from the 2024 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Places dataset and calculated adult diabetes rates and age-adjusted diabetes-related death rates per 100,000 using the 2024 CDC Places and CDC Wonder datasets. Data on the number of practicing endocrinologists came from HealthLink Dimensions, a company that provides databases for marketing purposes.

Robert Lash, MD, chief medical officer for The Endocrine Society, said that the GoodRx data are not especially new. Endocrinology “deserts” have existed for a decade or more, Lash said.

The GoodRx analysis concluded that a lack of endocrinologists in the “desert” counties directly led to higher death rates in those areas. “This is much more an association that it is causation,” countered Lash, noting that the deserts tend to align with healthcare professional shortage areas.

GoodRx also acknowledged the overlap and said that it could mean less access to primary care. In turn, “many patients may not even receive a diagnosis for endocrine-related conditions, let alone the specialized care they need,” wrote the analyst. “Preventable conditions like diabetes spiral into severe complications.”

Lash said seeking out a primary care doctor is one option for those without access to an endocrinologist. Telemedicine has also helped expand access, said Lash, adding that endocrinologists have been among the more frequent users.

Even so, the shortage of endocrinologists is an ongoing problem, he said. Only about 5000-6000 endocrinologists are actively practicing, estimates The Endocrine Society.

Fewer medical school graduates are choosing endocrinology, in part because of the lack of compensation, said Lash.

The society has begun a push to interest more students. Starting in 2024, The Society awarded grants to 10 medical schools to start endocrinology interest groups. The Medical School Engagement Program also sponsors two students for a VIP-type experience at the annual scientific meeting.

The hope is to boost interest in fellowships, which come after 3 years of internal medicine residency. Currently, there are only about 11 applicants for every 10 fellowship spots, said Lash.

It may be a while before the society’s experiment bears fruit. Those entering medical school in 2024 would not be eligible for fellowship until 2031, noted Lash.

“We’re in this for the long haul,” he said. “We know that this problem is not going to get solved overnight.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

More than two thirds of American counties don’t have an endocrinologist, according to a new analysis by GoodRx, a company that provides discount coupons for medications.

A total of 50 million people who live in the 2168 counties without a practicing endocrinologist are at a higher risk for poor health outcomes, according to the analysis. 

The author reported that individuals who live in endocrinology “deserts” are 12% more likely to die from endocrine-related conditions and have higher rates of diabetes, obesity, and stroke than those who live in counties where there are endocrinologists.

GoodRx’s finely detailed maps show that endocrinologists are clustered on the coasts and around major cities. Many counties have just a single endocrinologist and no pediatric endocrinologists.

Endocrinologists are not flocking to areas with a high type 2 diabetes prevalence — such as southern states, many parts of Texas, and counties with high concentrations of Native Americans or Alaskan Natives.

The maps speak volumes about disparities. In Sabine Parish, Louisiana, which shares a border with east Texas, the adult diabetes prevalence is 14%. The age-adjusted diabetes death rate is 52.6 per 100,000, in a population of 16,936 adults. There are no endocrinologists in that parish and one in a bordering parish.

In the entire state of Alaska, there are a total of two adult endocrinologists — one in Anchorage County and one in Fairbanks County — and two pediatric endocrinologists, both in Anchorage.

Buffalo County, South Dakota, which has no endocrinologists and is dominated by the Crow Creek Reservation, has a diabetes prevalence of 16.6% and a diabetes death rate of 143.3 per 100,000.

Connecticut’s Hartford County, however, has 69 adult endocrinologists and 9 pediatric endocrinologists. The adult diabetes prevalence is 0%, and the death rate is 26.3 per 100,000, in a population of 896,854.

To come up with its maps, GoodRx used population estimates from the 2024 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Places dataset and calculated adult diabetes rates and age-adjusted diabetes-related death rates per 100,000 using the 2024 CDC Places and CDC Wonder datasets. Data on the number of practicing endocrinologists came from HealthLink Dimensions, a company that provides databases for marketing purposes.

Robert Lash, MD, chief medical officer for The Endocrine Society, said that the GoodRx data are not especially new. Endocrinology “deserts” have existed for a decade or more, Lash said.

The GoodRx analysis concluded that a lack of endocrinologists in the “desert” counties directly led to higher death rates in those areas. “This is much more an association that it is causation,” countered Lash, noting that the deserts tend to align with healthcare professional shortage areas.

GoodRx also acknowledged the overlap and said that it could mean less access to primary care. In turn, “many patients may not even receive a diagnosis for endocrine-related conditions, let alone the specialized care they need,” wrote the analyst. “Preventable conditions like diabetes spiral into severe complications.”

Lash said seeking out a primary care doctor is one option for those without access to an endocrinologist. Telemedicine has also helped expand access, said Lash, adding that endocrinologists have been among the more frequent users.

Even so, the shortage of endocrinologists is an ongoing problem, he said. Only about 5000-6000 endocrinologists are actively practicing, estimates The Endocrine Society.

Fewer medical school graduates are choosing endocrinology, in part because of the lack of compensation, said Lash.

The society has begun a push to interest more students. Starting in 2024, The Society awarded grants to 10 medical schools to start endocrinology interest groups. The Medical School Engagement Program also sponsors two students for a VIP-type experience at the annual scientific meeting.

The hope is to boost interest in fellowships, which come after 3 years of internal medicine residency. Currently, there are only about 11 applicants for every 10 fellowship spots, said Lash.

It may be a while before the society’s experiment bears fruit. Those entering medical school in 2024 would not be eligible for fellowship until 2031, noted Lash.

“We’re in this for the long haul,” he said. “We know that this problem is not going to get solved overnight.”

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

An individual’s estimated risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years is widely used to guide preventative medication prescriptions with statins or antihypertensive drugs in those who have not yet had such an event.

To estimate that risk, doctors use equations that include different risk factors, such as age, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure. The current equations, known as the pooled cohort equations, are considered to be outdated as they were developed in 2013 based on population data from the 1960s and 70s. A new set of risk equations — known as the PREVENT equations — were developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 2023, and are based on a more contemporary population. It is anticipated that AHA will recommend these new risk equations be used in clinical practice in the next primary prevention guidelines.

But could these new risk equations do more harm than good?

Two recent studies found that applying the PREVENT risk equations to the US population results in a much lower overall level of risk compared with the pooled cohort equations. And, if the current threshold for starting statin treatment — which is an estimated 7.5% risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years — is kept the same, this would result in many fewer patients being eligible for statin treatment.

As cardiovascular risk is also used to guide antihypertensive treatment, the new risk equations would also result in fewer people with borderline high blood pressure being eligible for those medications.

This has raised concerns in the medical community, where there is a widespread view that many more people would benefit from primary prevention treatment, and that anything that may cause fewer people to receive these medications would be harmful. 

“I believe the new equations more accurately predict the risk of the current US population, but we need to be aware of what effect that may have on use of statins,” said Tim Anderson, MD, who studies healthcare delivery at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and is lead author of one of the studies evaluating the equations.

Anderson told this news organization that the pooled cohort equations have long been viewed as problematic. 

“Because these equations were based on cohorts from the 1960s and 70s, it is believed they overestimate the current population’s risk of MI and stroke as the burden of disease has shifted in the intervening 50-60 years,” he said.

 

Current Equations Overestimate Risk

The new equations are based on more recent, representative, and diverse cohorts that capture a wider spectrum of the population in terms of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. They also include factors that are now known to be relevant to cardiovascular risk, such as chronic kidney disease.

Anderson compared how the two sets of equations estimated risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years in the US population using the NHANES survey — a large nationally representative survey conducted between 2017 and 2020. 

He found that the pooled cohort equations estimated the population average 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease to be about 8%, but the PREVENT equations estimated it at just over 4%.

“The new equations estimate that the middle-aged US population have almost half the level of risk of MI and stroke over next 10 years compared with the equations used currently. So, we will substantially change risk estimates if the new equations are introduced into practice,” Anderson said. 

The study found that, if the PREVENT equations are adopted in the next set of primary prevention guidelines and the current threshold of a 7.5% risk of having an MI or stroke in the next 10 years is maintained as the starting point for statin treatment, then 17.3 million adults who were previously recommended primary prevention statin therapy would no longer be eligible.

A second, similar study, conducted by a different team of US researchers, estimated that using PREVENT would decrease the number of US adults receiving or recommended for statin therapy by 14.3 million and antihypertensive therapy by 2.62 million.

The researchers, led by James A. Diao, MD, from Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, also suggested that over 10 years, reductions in treatment eligibility could result in an estimated 107,000 additional MI or stroke events.

Anderson points out that using the new equations would not affect the highest-risk patients. “They are still going to be high risk whichever equations are used. If you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, have very high blood pressure or cholesterol and are older, then you are high risk. That part hasn’t changed. These people will qualify for statin treatment many times over with both sets of guidelines,” he said. 

Rather it will be the large population at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease that will be affected, with far fewer of these individuals likely to get statins.

“If you are on the fence about whether to take a statin or not and you’re currently just on the threshold where they might be recommended then these new equations could mean that you’ll be less likely to be offered them,” he said. “Using the new equations may result in a delay of a couple of years to have that conversation.”

 

A Red Flag

Steve Nissen, MD, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, is not a fan of cardiovascular risk equations in general. He points out that less than half of those currently eligible for statins are actually treated. And he believes the studies suggesting fewer people will be eligible with the new risk equations raise a red flag on whether they should be used.

“Anything that may result in fewer people being treated is a huge problem,” he told this news organization. “We have abundant evidence that we should be treating more people, not fewer people. Every study we have done has shown benefit with statins.”

The risk calculators were initially developed to limit use of statins and other medications to high-risk patients, he said, but now that we know more about safety of these drugs, it’s clear that the risks are almost nonexistent. 

“We really need something else to guide the prescription of statins,” said Nissen.

Nissen suggests the risk calculators and guidelines have resulted in undertreatment of the population because they lack nuance and put too much emphasis on age. We should be more interested in reducing the lifetime risk of cardiovascular events, he said. “Calculators don’t do a good job of that. Their time horizons are too short. Young people with a family history of cardiovascular disease may have a low 10-year risk on a risk calculator but their lifetime risk is elevated, and as such, they should be considered for statin treatment. We need to find a more nuanced approach to understanding the lifetime risk of individuals,” he said. 

Nissen said risk calculators can be useful in high-risk patients to help demonstrate their need for treatment. “I can show them the calculator and that they have a 20% chance of an event — that can help convince them to take a statin.” 

But at the lower end of the risk scale, “all it does is keep patients who should be getting treatment from having that treatment.”

Nissen said changing the risk calculator won’t affect how he treats patients. “I use judgment to decide who to treat based on scientific literature and the patient in front of me. We will engage in a discussion and make a shared decision on what is the best course of action. Calculators will never be a substitute for medical judgment,” he said.

 

Equations Don’t Decide

Sadiya Khan, MD, a cardiologist at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, and lead author of the PREVENT equations, told this news organization that it is important to put this discussion into context.

“The two recent papers do a good job of describing differences in predictive risk between the two sets of equations but that’s where they stop,” she said. “The translation from that to the decision on who should or should not be on statins or other medications is a step too far.”

Clinical guidelines will need to be updated to take the PREVENT equations into account, as Khan argued in a JAMA editorial. So it is not clear whether the current 7.5% 10-year risk figure will remain the threshold to start treatment. Khan anticipates the guidelines committee will have to re-evaluate that threshold.

“The 7.5% risk threshold was advised in the 2013 guidelines, based on what we knew then about the balance between benefit and harm and with the knowledge that the risk equations overestimated risk,” she said. “We now have a lot more data on the safety of statin therapy. We see this frequently in preventive care. Treatments often becomes more widespread in time and use expands into lower-risk patients.”

She also pointed out that the current primary prevention guidelines encourage consideration of other factors, not just predictive risk scores, when thinking about starting statins, including very high LDL cholesterol, family history, and apo B and Lp(a) levels.

“The recommendation on who would qualify for statin therapy is not based on one number,” she said. “It is based on many considerations, including both qualitative and quantitative factors, and discussions between the patient and the doctor. It is not a straightforward yes or no based on a 7.5% risk threshold.”

The equations, she said, should only be viewed as the first step in the process, and she said she agrees with Nissen that when applying the equations, doctors need to use additional data from each individual patient to make a judgment. “Equations do not decide who gets treated. Clinical practice guidelines do that.” 

Khan also agreed with Nissen that more effort is needed to identify longer term cardiovascular risk in younger people, and so the PREVENT equations include 30-year risk estimates.

“I totally agree that we need to start earlier in having these prevention conversations. The PREVENT model starts at age 30 which is 10 years earlier than the pooled cohort equations and they add a 30-year time horizon as well as the 10-year period for these discussions on predicted risk estimates,” she said. “We need to make sure we are not missing risk in young adults just because we are waiting for them to get into some arbitrary age category.”

Khan says she believes that, used correctly, the new equations will not limit access to statins or other cardiovascular treatments. “Because they are a more accurate reflection of risk in the contemporary population, the new PREVENT equations should identify the correct patients to be treated, within the confines of knowing that no risk prediction equation is perfect,” she said. “And if everything else is considered as well, not just the numbers in the risk equations, it shouldn’t result in fewer patients being treated.”

Anderson reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the US Deprescribing Research Network. Nissen is leading a development program for a nonprescription low dose of rosuvastatin. He is also involved in trials of a new cholesterol lowering drug, obicetrapib, and on trials on drugs that lower Lp(a). Khan reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

An individual’s estimated risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years is widely used to guide preventative medication prescriptions with statins or antihypertensive drugs in those who have not yet had such an event.

To estimate that risk, doctors use equations that include different risk factors, such as age, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure. The current equations, known as the pooled cohort equations, are considered to be outdated as they were developed in 2013 based on population data from the 1960s and 70s. A new set of risk equations — known as the PREVENT equations — were developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 2023, and are based on a more contemporary population. It is anticipated that AHA will recommend these new risk equations be used in clinical practice in the next primary prevention guidelines.

But could these new risk equations do more harm than good?

Two recent studies found that applying the PREVENT risk equations to the US population results in a much lower overall level of risk compared with the pooled cohort equations. And, if the current threshold for starting statin treatment — which is an estimated 7.5% risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years — is kept the same, this would result in many fewer patients being eligible for statin treatment.

As cardiovascular risk is also used to guide antihypertensive treatment, the new risk equations would also result in fewer people with borderline high blood pressure being eligible for those medications.

This has raised concerns in the medical community, where there is a widespread view that many more people would benefit from primary prevention treatment, and that anything that may cause fewer people to receive these medications would be harmful. 

“I believe the new equations more accurately predict the risk of the current US population, but we need to be aware of what effect that may have on use of statins,” said Tim Anderson, MD, who studies healthcare delivery at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and is lead author of one of the studies evaluating the equations.

Anderson told this news organization that the pooled cohort equations have long been viewed as problematic. 

“Because these equations were based on cohorts from the 1960s and 70s, it is believed they overestimate the current population’s risk of MI and stroke as the burden of disease has shifted in the intervening 50-60 years,” he said.

 

Current Equations Overestimate Risk

The new equations are based on more recent, representative, and diverse cohorts that capture a wider spectrum of the population in terms of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. They also include factors that are now known to be relevant to cardiovascular risk, such as chronic kidney disease.

Anderson compared how the two sets of equations estimated risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years in the US population using the NHANES survey — a large nationally representative survey conducted between 2017 and 2020. 

He found that the pooled cohort equations estimated the population average 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease to be about 8%, but the PREVENT equations estimated it at just over 4%.

“The new equations estimate that the middle-aged US population have almost half the level of risk of MI and stroke over next 10 years compared with the equations used currently. So, we will substantially change risk estimates if the new equations are introduced into practice,” Anderson said. 

The study found that, if the PREVENT equations are adopted in the next set of primary prevention guidelines and the current threshold of a 7.5% risk of having an MI or stroke in the next 10 years is maintained as the starting point for statin treatment, then 17.3 million adults who were previously recommended primary prevention statin therapy would no longer be eligible.

A second, similar study, conducted by a different team of US researchers, estimated that using PREVENT would decrease the number of US adults receiving or recommended for statin therapy by 14.3 million and antihypertensive therapy by 2.62 million.

The researchers, led by James A. Diao, MD, from Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, also suggested that over 10 years, reductions in treatment eligibility could result in an estimated 107,000 additional MI or stroke events.

Anderson points out that using the new equations would not affect the highest-risk patients. “They are still going to be high risk whichever equations are used. If you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, have very high blood pressure or cholesterol and are older, then you are high risk. That part hasn’t changed. These people will qualify for statin treatment many times over with both sets of guidelines,” he said. 

Rather it will be the large population at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease that will be affected, with far fewer of these individuals likely to get statins.

“If you are on the fence about whether to take a statin or not and you’re currently just on the threshold where they might be recommended then these new equations could mean that you’ll be less likely to be offered them,” he said. “Using the new equations may result in a delay of a couple of years to have that conversation.”

 

A Red Flag

Steve Nissen, MD, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, is not a fan of cardiovascular risk equations in general. He points out that less than half of those currently eligible for statins are actually treated. And he believes the studies suggesting fewer people will be eligible with the new risk equations raise a red flag on whether they should be used.

“Anything that may result in fewer people being treated is a huge problem,” he told this news organization. “We have abundant evidence that we should be treating more people, not fewer people. Every study we have done has shown benefit with statins.”

The risk calculators were initially developed to limit use of statins and other medications to high-risk patients, he said, but now that we know more about safety of these drugs, it’s clear that the risks are almost nonexistent. 

“We really need something else to guide the prescription of statins,” said Nissen.

Nissen suggests the risk calculators and guidelines have resulted in undertreatment of the population because they lack nuance and put too much emphasis on age. We should be more interested in reducing the lifetime risk of cardiovascular events, he said. “Calculators don’t do a good job of that. Their time horizons are too short. Young people with a family history of cardiovascular disease may have a low 10-year risk on a risk calculator but their lifetime risk is elevated, and as such, they should be considered for statin treatment. We need to find a more nuanced approach to understanding the lifetime risk of individuals,” he said. 

Nissen said risk calculators can be useful in high-risk patients to help demonstrate their need for treatment. “I can show them the calculator and that they have a 20% chance of an event — that can help convince them to take a statin.” 

But at the lower end of the risk scale, “all it does is keep patients who should be getting treatment from having that treatment.”

Nissen said changing the risk calculator won’t affect how he treats patients. “I use judgment to decide who to treat based on scientific literature and the patient in front of me. We will engage in a discussion and make a shared decision on what is the best course of action. Calculators will never be a substitute for medical judgment,” he said.

 

Equations Don’t Decide

Sadiya Khan, MD, a cardiologist at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, and lead author of the PREVENT equations, told this news organization that it is important to put this discussion into context.

“The two recent papers do a good job of describing differences in predictive risk between the two sets of equations but that’s where they stop,” she said. “The translation from that to the decision on who should or should not be on statins or other medications is a step too far.”

Clinical guidelines will need to be updated to take the PREVENT equations into account, as Khan argued in a JAMA editorial. So it is not clear whether the current 7.5% 10-year risk figure will remain the threshold to start treatment. Khan anticipates the guidelines committee will have to re-evaluate that threshold.

“The 7.5% risk threshold was advised in the 2013 guidelines, based on what we knew then about the balance between benefit and harm and with the knowledge that the risk equations overestimated risk,” she said. “We now have a lot more data on the safety of statin therapy. We see this frequently in preventive care. Treatments often becomes more widespread in time and use expands into lower-risk patients.”

She also pointed out that the current primary prevention guidelines encourage consideration of other factors, not just predictive risk scores, when thinking about starting statins, including very high LDL cholesterol, family history, and apo B and Lp(a) levels.

“The recommendation on who would qualify for statin therapy is not based on one number,” she said. “It is based on many considerations, including both qualitative and quantitative factors, and discussions between the patient and the doctor. It is not a straightforward yes or no based on a 7.5% risk threshold.”

The equations, she said, should only be viewed as the first step in the process, and she said she agrees with Nissen that when applying the equations, doctors need to use additional data from each individual patient to make a judgment. “Equations do not decide who gets treated. Clinical practice guidelines do that.” 

Khan also agreed with Nissen that more effort is needed to identify longer term cardiovascular risk in younger people, and so the PREVENT equations include 30-year risk estimates.

“I totally agree that we need to start earlier in having these prevention conversations. The PREVENT model starts at age 30 which is 10 years earlier than the pooled cohort equations and they add a 30-year time horizon as well as the 10-year period for these discussions on predicted risk estimates,” she said. “We need to make sure we are not missing risk in young adults just because we are waiting for them to get into some arbitrary age category.”

Khan says she believes that, used correctly, the new equations will not limit access to statins or other cardiovascular treatments. “Because they are a more accurate reflection of risk in the contemporary population, the new PREVENT equations should identify the correct patients to be treated, within the confines of knowing that no risk prediction equation is perfect,” she said. “And if everything else is considered as well, not just the numbers in the risk equations, it shouldn’t result in fewer patients being treated.”

Anderson reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the US Deprescribing Research Network. Nissen is leading a development program for a nonprescription low dose of rosuvastatin. He is also involved in trials of a new cholesterol lowering drug, obicetrapib, and on trials on drugs that lower Lp(a). Khan reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

An individual’s estimated risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years is widely used to guide preventative medication prescriptions with statins or antihypertensive drugs in those who have not yet had such an event.

To estimate that risk, doctors use equations that include different risk factors, such as age, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure. The current equations, known as the pooled cohort equations, are considered to be outdated as they were developed in 2013 based on population data from the 1960s and 70s. A new set of risk equations — known as the PREVENT equations — were developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 2023, and are based on a more contemporary population. It is anticipated that AHA will recommend these new risk equations be used in clinical practice in the next primary prevention guidelines.

But could these new risk equations do more harm than good?

Two recent studies found that applying the PREVENT risk equations to the US population results in a much lower overall level of risk compared with the pooled cohort equations. And, if the current threshold for starting statin treatment — which is an estimated 7.5% risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years — is kept the same, this would result in many fewer patients being eligible for statin treatment.

As cardiovascular risk is also used to guide antihypertensive treatment, the new risk equations would also result in fewer people with borderline high blood pressure being eligible for those medications.

This has raised concerns in the medical community, where there is a widespread view that many more people would benefit from primary prevention treatment, and that anything that may cause fewer people to receive these medications would be harmful. 

“I believe the new equations more accurately predict the risk of the current US population, but we need to be aware of what effect that may have on use of statins,” said Tim Anderson, MD, who studies healthcare delivery at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and is lead author of one of the studies evaluating the equations.

Anderson told this news organization that the pooled cohort equations have long been viewed as problematic. 

“Because these equations were based on cohorts from the 1960s and 70s, it is believed they overestimate the current population’s risk of MI and stroke as the burden of disease has shifted in the intervening 50-60 years,” he said.

 

Current Equations Overestimate Risk

The new equations are based on more recent, representative, and diverse cohorts that capture a wider spectrum of the population in terms of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. They also include factors that are now known to be relevant to cardiovascular risk, such as chronic kidney disease.

Anderson compared how the two sets of equations estimated risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years in the US population using the NHANES survey — a large nationally representative survey conducted between 2017 and 2020. 

He found that the pooled cohort equations estimated the population average 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease to be about 8%, but the PREVENT equations estimated it at just over 4%.

“The new equations estimate that the middle-aged US population have almost half the level of risk of MI and stroke over next 10 years compared with the equations used currently. So, we will substantially change risk estimates if the new equations are introduced into practice,” Anderson said. 

The study found that, if the PREVENT equations are adopted in the next set of primary prevention guidelines and the current threshold of a 7.5% risk of having an MI or stroke in the next 10 years is maintained as the starting point for statin treatment, then 17.3 million adults who were previously recommended primary prevention statin therapy would no longer be eligible.

A second, similar study, conducted by a different team of US researchers, estimated that using PREVENT would decrease the number of US adults receiving or recommended for statin therapy by 14.3 million and antihypertensive therapy by 2.62 million.

The researchers, led by James A. Diao, MD, from Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, also suggested that over 10 years, reductions in treatment eligibility could result in an estimated 107,000 additional MI or stroke events.

Anderson points out that using the new equations would not affect the highest-risk patients. “They are still going to be high risk whichever equations are used. If you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, have very high blood pressure or cholesterol and are older, then you are high risk. That part hasn’t changed. These people will qualify for statin treatment many times over with both sets of guidelines,” he said. 

Rather it will be the large population at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease that will be affected, with far fewer of these individuals likely to get statins.

“If you are on the fence about whether to take a statin or not and you’re currently just on the threshold where they might be recommended then these new equations could mean that you’ll be less likely to be offered them,” he said. “Using the new equations may result in a delay of a couple of years to have that conversation.”

 

A Red Flag

Steve Nissen, MD, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, is not a fan of cardiovascular risk equations in general. He points out that less than half of those currently eligible for statins are actually treated. And he believes the studies suggesting fewer people will be eligible with the new risk equations raise a red flag on whether they should be used.

“Anything that may result in fewer people being treated is a huge problem,” he told this news organization. “We have abundant evidence that we should be treating more people, not fewer people. Every study we have done has shown benefit with statins.”

The risk calculators were initially developed to limit use of statins and other medications to high-risk patients, he said, but now that we know more about safety of these drugs, it’s clear that the risks are almost nonexistent. 

“We really need something else to guide the prescription of statins,” said Nissen.

Nissen suggests the risk calculators and guidelines have resulted in undertreatment of the population because they lack nuance and put too much emphasis on age. We should be more interested in reducing the lifetime risk of cardiovascular events, he said. “Calculators don’t do a good job of that. Their time horizons are too short. Young people with a family history of cardiovascular disease may have a low 10-year risk on a risk calculator but their lifetime risk is elevated, and as such, they should be considered for statin treatment. We need to find a more nuanced approach to understanding the lifetime risk of individuals,” he said. 

Nissen said risk calculators can be useful in high-risk patients to help demonstrate their need for treatment. “I can show them the calculator and that they have a 20% chance of an event — that can help convince them to take a statin.” 

But at the lower end of the risk scale, “all it does is keep patients who should be getting treatment from having that treatment.”

Nissen said changing the risk calculator won’t affect how he treats patients. “I use judgment to decide who to treat based on scientific literature and the patient in front of me. We will engage in a discussion and make a shared decision on what is the best course of action. Calculators will never be a substitute for medical judgment,” he said.

 

Equations Don’t Decide

Sadiya Khan, MD, a cardiologist at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, and lead author of the PREVENT equations, told this news organization that it is important to put this discussion into context.

“The two recent papers do a good job of describing differences in predictive risk between the two sets of equations but that’s where they stop,” she said. “The translation from that to the decision on who should or should not be on statins or other medications is a step too far.”

Clinical guidelines will need to be updated to take the PREVENT equations into account, as Khan argued in a JAMA editorial. So it is not clear whether the current 7.5% 10-year risk figure will remain the threshold to start treatment. Khan anticipates the guidelines committee will have to re-evaluate that threshold.

“The 7.5% risk threshold was advised in the 2013 guidelines, based on what we knew then about the balance between benefit and harm and with the knowledge that the risk equations overestimated risk,” she said. “We now have a lot more data on the safety of statin therapy. We see this frequently in preventive care. Treatments often becomes more widespread in time and use expands into lower-risk patients.”

She also pointed out that the current primary prevention guidelines encourage consideration of other factors, not just predictive risk scores, when thinking about starting statins, including very high LDL cholesterol, family history, and apo B and Lp(a) levels.

“The recommendation on who would qualify for statin therapy is not based on one number,” she said. “It is based on many considerations, including both qualitative and quantitative factors, and discussions between the patient and the doctor. It is not a straightforward yes or no based on a 7.5% risk threshold.”

The equations, she said, should only be viewed as the first step in the process, and she said she agrees with Nissen that when applying the equations, doctors need to use additional data from each individual patient to make a judgment. “Equations do not decide who gets treated. Clinical practice guidelines do that.” 

Khan also agreed with Nissen that more effort is needed to identify longer term cardiovascular risk in younger people, and so the PREVENT equations include 30-year risk estimates.

“I totally agree that we need to start earlier in having these prevention conversations. The PREVENT model starts at age 30 which is 10 years earlier than the pooled cohort equations and they add a 30-year time horizon as well as the 10-year period for these discussions on predicted risk estimates,” she said. “We need to make sure we are not missing risk in young adults just because we are waiting for them to get into some arbitrary age category.”

Khan says she believes that, used correctly, the new equations will not limit access to statins or other cardiovascular treatments. “Because they are a more accurate reflection of risk in the contemporary population, the new PREVENT equations should identify the correct patients to be treated, within the confines of knowing that no risk prediction equation is perfect,” she said. “And if everything else is considered as well, not just the numbers in the risk equations, it shouldn’t result in fewer patients being treated.”

Anderson reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the US Deprescribing Research Network. Nissen is leading a development program for a nonprescription low dose of rosuvastatin. He is also involved in trials of a new cholesterol lowering drug, obicetrapib, and on trials on drugs that lower Lp(a). Khan reported receiving grants from the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Laura Vater remembers sneaking into her home after 12-hour night shifts during medical training while her husband distracted their toddler. The stealthy tag-teaming effort helped her get enough undisturbed sleep before returning to an Indiana University hospital the following night to repeat the pattern.

“He would pretend to take out the trash when I pulled in,” said Vater, MD, now a gastrointestinal oncologist and assistant professor of medicine at IU Health Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis. “I would sneak in so she [their daughter] wouldn’t see me, and then he would go back in.”

For Vater, prioritizing sleep during the day to combat sleep deprivation common among doctors-in-training on night shifts required enlisting a supportive spouse. It’s just one of the tips she and a few chief residents shared with this news organization for staying sharp and healthy during overnight rotations.

While the pace of patient rounds may slow from the frenetic daytime rush, training as a doctor after the sun goes down can be quite challenging for residents, they told this news organization. From sleep deprivation working while the rest of us slumbers to the after-effects of late-night caffeine, learning to manage night rotations requires a balance of preparation and attention to personal health while caring for others, the residents and adviser said.

Compromised sleep is one of the biggest hurdles residents have to overcome. Sleep loss comes with risks to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, among other heath conditions, according to Medscape Medical News reports. And night shift workers  who sleep 6 or fewer hours a night have at least one sleep disorder.

Sleep deprivation associated with overnight call schedules also can worsen a resident’s mood and motivation while impairing their judgment, leading to medical errors, according to a new study published in JAMA Open Network. The study proposed shorter consecutive night shifts and naps as ways to offset the results of sleep loss, especially for interns or first-year residents. 

Residency programs recently have been experimenting with shorter call schedules.

 

Catching Zzs

Working the night shift demands a disciplined sleep schedule, said Nat deQuillfeldt, MD, a Denver Health chief resident in the University of Colorado’s internal medicine residency program.

“When I was on night admissions, I was very strict about going to sleep at 8 AM and waking at 3 PM every single day. It can be very tempting to try to stay up and spend time with loved ones, but my husband and I both prioritized my physical well-being for those weeks,” said deQuillfeldt, a PGY-4 resident. “It was especially challenging for me because I had to commute about 50 minutes each way and without such a rigid schedule I would have struggled to be on time.”

deQuillfeldt doesn’t have young children at home, a noisy community, or other distractions to interrupt sleep during the day. But it was still difficult for her to sleep while the sun was out. “I used an eye mask and ear plugs but definitely woke up more often than I would at night.”

Blackout curtains may have helped, she added.

“Without adequate sleep, your clinical thinking is not as sharp. When emergencies happen overnight, you’re often the first person to arrive and need to be able to make rapid, accurate assessments and decisions.”

As a chief resident, she chooses never to sleep during night shifts.

“I personally didn’t want to leave my interns alone or make them feel like they were waking me up or bothering me if they needed help, and I also didn’t want to be groggy in case of a rapid response or code blue.”

But napping on night shift is definitely possible, deQuillfeldt said. Between following up on overnight lab results, answering nurses’ questions, and responding to emergencies, she found downtime on night shift to eat and hydrate. She believes others can catch an hour or 2 of shut eye, even if they work in the intensive care unit, or 3-4 hours on rare quiet nights.

Vater suggests residents transitioning from daytime work to night shift prepare by trying to catch an afternoon nap, staying up later the night before the change, and banking sleep hours in advance.

When he knows he’s starting night shifts, Apurva Popat, MD, said he tries to go to sleep an hour or so later nights before to avoid becoming sleep deprived. The chief resident of internal medicine at Marshfield Clinic Health System in Marshfield, Wisconsin, doesn’t recommend sleeping during the night shift.

“I typically try not to sleep, even if I have time, so I can go home and sleep later in the morning,” said Popat, a PGY-3 resident.

To help him snooze, he uses blackout curtains and a fan to block out noise. His wife, a first-year internal medicine intern, often works a different shift, so she helps set up his sleeping environment and he reciprocates when it’s her turn for night shifts.

Some interns may need to catch a 20- to 30-minute nap on the first night shift, he said.

Popat also seeks out brighter areas of the hospital, such as the emergency department, where there are more people and colleagues to keep him alert.

 

Bypass Vending Machines

Lack of sleep makes it even more difficult to eat healthy on night shift, said Vater, who advises residents about wellness issues at IU and on social media.

“When you are sleep deprived, when you do not get enough sleep, you eat but you don’t feel full,” she said. “It’s hard to eat well on night shift. It’s harder if you go to the break room and there’s candy and junk food.”

Vater said that, as a resident, she brought a lunch bag to the hospital during night shifts. “I never had time to prep food, so I’d bring a whole apple, a whole orange, a whole avocado or nuts. It allowed me to eat more fruits and vegetables than I normally would.”

She advises caution when considering coffee to stay awake, especially after about 9 PM, which could interfere with sleep residents need later when they finish their shifts. Caffeine may help in the moment, but it prevents deep sleep, Vater said. So when residents finally get sleep after their shifts, they may wake up feeling tired, she said.

To avoid sleepiness, Popat brings protein shakes with him to night shifts. They stave off sugar spikes and keep his energy level high, he said. He might have a protein shake and fruit before he leaves home and carry his vegetarian dinner with him to eat in the early morning hours when the hospital is calm.

Eating small and frequent meals also helps ward off sleepiness, deQuillfeldt said.

 

Take the Stairs

Trying to stay healthy on night shifts, Vater also checked on patients by taking the stairs. “I’d set the timer on my phone for 30 minutes and if I got paged at 15, I’d pause the timer and reset it if I had a moment later. I’d get at least 30 minutes in, although not always continuous. I think some activity is better than none.”

Vater said her hospital had a gym, but it wasn’t practical for her because it was further away from where she worked. “Sometimes my coresidents would be more creative, and we would do squats.”

Popat tries to lift weights 2 hours before his night shift, but he also takes short walks between patients’ rooms in the early morning hours when it’s quietest. He also promotes deep breathing to stay alert.

 

Ask for a Ride

Vater urges those coming off night shifts, especially those transitioning for the first time from daytime rotations, not to drive if they’re exhausted. “Get an Uber. ... Make sure you get a ride home.”

The CU residency program covers the cost of a ridesharing service when doctors-in-training are too tired to drive home, deQuillfeldt said. “We really try to encourage people to use this to reduce the risk of car accidents.”

 

Promoting Mental Health

The residency program also links residents with primary care and mental health services. People who really struggle with shift work sleep disorder may qualify for medications to help them stay awake overnight, in addition to sleep hygiene apps and sleep aides.

“Night shifts can put a strain on mental health, especially when you’re only working, eating, and sleeping and not spending any time with family and friends,” deQuillfeldt said. “My husband works late afternoons, so we often would go weeks seeing each other for 15-20 minutes a day.”

“Sleeping when the sun is out often leads to a lack of light exposure which can compound the problem. Seeking mental health support early is really important to avoiding burnout,” she said.

She also recommended planning a fun weekend activity, trip, or celebration with friends or family after night shifts end “so you have something to look forward to…It’s so important to have a light at the end of the tunnel, which will allow you to enjoy the sense of accomplishment even more.”

For more advice on the subject, consider the American Medical Association guide to managing sleep deprivation in residency or Laura Vater’s tips for night shifts.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Laura Vater remembers sneaking into her home after 12-hour night shifts during medical training while her husband distracted their toddler. The stealthy tag-teaming effort helped her get enough undisturbed sleep before returning to an Indiana University hospital the following night to repeat the pattern.

“He would pretend to take out the trash when I pulled in,” said Vater, MD, now a gastrointestinal oncologist and assistant professor of medicine at IU Health Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis. “I would sneak in so she [their daughter] wouldn’t see me, and then he would go back in.”

For Vater, prioritizing sleep during the day to combat sleep deprivation common among doctors-in-training on night shifts required enlisting a supportive spouse. It’s just one of the tips she and a few chief residents shared with this news organization for staying sharp and healthy during overnight rotations.

While the pace of patient rounds may slow from the frenetic daytime rush, training as a doctor after the sun goes down can be quite challenging for residents, they told this news organization. From sleep deprivation working while the rest of us slumbers to the after-effects of late-night caffeine, learning to manage night rotations requires a balance of preparation and attention to personal health while caring for others, the residents and adviser said.

Compromised sleep is one of the biggest hurdles residents have to overcome. Sleep loss comes with risks to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, among other heath conditions, according to Medscape Medical News reports. And night shift workers  who sleep 6 or fewer hours a night have at least one sleep disorder.

Sleep deprivation associated with overnight call schedules also can worsen a resident’s mood and motivation while impairing their judgment, leading to medical errors, according to a new study published in JAMA Open Network. The study proposed shorter consecutive night shifts and naps as ways to offset the results of sleep loss, especially for interns or first-year residents. 

Residency programs recently have been experimenting with shorter call schedules.

 

Catching Zzs

Working the night shift demands a disciplined sleep schedule, said Nat deQuillfeldt, MD, a Denver Health chief resident in the University of Colorado’s internal medicine residency program.

“When I was on night admissions, I was very strict about going to sleep at 8 AM and waking at 3 PM every single day. It can be very tempting to try to stay up and spend time with loved ones, but my husband and I both prioritized my physical well-being for those weeks,” said deQuillfeldt, a PGY-4 resident. “It was especially challenging for me because I had to commute about 50 minutes each way and without such a rigid schedule I would have struggled to be on time.”

deQuillfeldt doesn’t have young children at home, a noisy community, or other distractions to interrupt sleep during the day. But it was still difficult for her to sleep while the sun was out. “I used an eye mask and ear plugs but definitely woke up more often than I would at night.”

Blackout curtains may have helped, she added.

“Without adequate sleep, your clinical thinking is not as sharp. When emergencies happen overnight, you’re often the first person to arrive and need to be able to make rapid, accurate assessments and decisions.”

As a chief resident, she chooses never to sleep during night shifts.

“I personally didn’t want to leave my interns alone or make them feel like they were waking me up or bothering me if they needed help, and I also didn’t want to be groggy in case of a rapid response or code blue.”

But napping on night shift is definitely possible, deQuillfeldt said. Between following up on overnight lab results, answering nurses’ questions, and responding to emergencies, she found downtime on night shift to eat and hydrate. She believes others can catch an hour or 2 of shut eye, even if they work in the intensive care unit, or 3-4 hours on rare quiet nights.

Vater suggests residents transitioning from daytime work to night shift prepare by trying to catch an afternoon nap, staying up later the night before the change, and banking sleep hours in advance.

When he knows he’s starting night shifts, Apurva Popat, MD, said he tries to go to sleep an hour or so later nights before to avoid becoming sleep deprived. The chief resident of internal medicine at Marshfield Clinic Health System in Marshfield, Wisconsin, doesn’t recommend sleeping during the night shift.

“I typically try not to sleep, even if I have time, so I can go home and sleep later in the morning,” said Popat, a PGY-3 resident.

To help him snooze, he uses blackout curtains and a fan to block out noise. His wife, a first-year internal medicine intern, often works a different shift, so she helps set up his sleeping environment and he reciprocates when it’s her turn for night shifts.

Some interns may need to catch a 20- to 30-minute nap on the first night shift, he said.

Popat also seeks out brighter areas of the hospital, such as the emergency department, where there are more people and colleagues to keep him alert.

 

Bypass Vending Machines

Lack of sleep makes it even more difficult to eat healthy on night shift, said Vater, who advises residents about wellness issues at IU and on social media.

“When you are sleep deprived, when you do not get enough sleep, you eat but you don’t feel full,” she said. “It’s hard to eat well on night shift. It’s harder if you go to the break room and there’s candy and junk food.”

Vater said that, as a resident, she brought a lunch bag to the hospital during night shifts. “I never had time to prep food, so I’d bring a whole apple, a whole orange, a whole avocado or nuts. It allowed me to eat more fruits and vegetables than I normally would.”

She advises caution when considering coffee to stay awake, especially after about 9 PM, which could interfere with sleep residents need later when they finish their shifts. Caffeine may help in the moment, but it prevents deep sleep, Vater said. So when residents finally get sleep after their shifts, they may wake up feeling tired, she said.

To avoid sleepiness, Popat brings protein shakes with him to night shifts. They stave off sugar spikes and keep his energy level high, he said. He might have a protein shake and fruit before he leaves home and carry his vegetarian dinner with him to eat in the early morning hours when the hospital is calm.

Eating small and frequent meals also helps ward off sleepiness, deQuillfeldt said.

 

Take the Stairs

Trying to stay healthy on night shifts, Vater also checked on patients by taking the stairs. “I’d set the timer on my phone for 30 minutes and if I got paged at 15, I’d pause the timer and reset it if I had a moment later. I’d get at least 30 minutes in, although not always continuous. I think some activity is better than none.”

Vater said her hospital had a gym, but it wasn’t practical for her because it was further away from where she worked. “Sometimes my coresidents would be more creative, and we would do squats.”

Popat tries to lift weights 2 hours before his night shift, but he also takes short walks between patients’ rooms in the early morning hours when it’s quietest. He also promotes deep breathing to stay alert.

 

Ask for a Ride

Vater urges those coming off night shifts, especially those transitioning for the first time from daytime rotations, not to drive if they’re exhausted. “Get an Uber. ... Make sure you get a ride home.”

The CU residency program covers the cost of a ridesharing service when doctors-in-training are too tired to drive home, deQuillfeldt said. “We really try to encourage people to use this to reduce the risk of car accidents.”

 

Promoting Mental Health

The residency program also links residents with primary care and mental health services. People who really struggle with shift work sleep disorder may qualify for medications to help them stay awake overnight, in addition to sleep hygiene apps and sleep aides.

“Night shifts can put a strain on mental health, especially when you’re only working, eating, and sleeping and not spending any time with family and friends,” deQuillfeldt said. “My husband works late afternoons, so we often would go weeks seeing each other for 15-20 minutes a day.”

“Sleeping when the sun is out often leads to a lack of light exposure which can compound the problem. Seeking mental health support early is really important to avoiding burnout,” she said.

She also recommended planning a fun weekend activity, trip, or celebration with friends or family after night shifts end “so you have something to look forward to…It’s so important to have a light at the end of the tunnel, which will allow you to enjoy the sense of accomplishment even more.”

For more advice on the subject, consider the American Medical Association guide to managing sleep deprivation in residency or Laura Vater’s tips for night shifts.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Laura Vater remembers sneaking into her home after 12-hour night shifts during medical training while her husband distracted their toddler. The stealthy tag-teaming effort helped her get enough undisturbed sleep before returning to an Indiana University hospital the following night to repeat the pattern.

“He would pretend to take out the trash when I pulled in,” said Vater, MD, now a gastrointestinal oncologist and assistant professor of medicine at IU Health Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis. “I would sneak in so she [their daughter] wouldn’t see me, and then he would go back in.”

For Vater, prioritizing sleep during the day to combat sleep deprivation common among doctors-in-training on night shifts required enlisting a supportive spouse. It’s just one of the tips she and a few chief residents shared with this news organization for staying sharp and healthy during overnight rotations.

While the pace of patient rounds may slow from the frenetic daytime rush, training as a doctor after the sun goes down can be quite challenging for residents, they told this news organization. From sleep deprivation working while the rest of us slumbers to the after-effects of late-night caffeine, learning to manage night rotations requires a balance of preparation and attention to personal health while caring for others, the residents and adviser said.

Compromised sleep is one of the biggest hurdles residents have to overcome. Sleep loss comes with risks to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, among other heath conditions, according to Medscape Medical News reports. And night shift workers  who sleep 6 or fewer hours a night have at least one sleep disorder.

Sleep deprivation associated with overnight call schedules also can worsen a resident’s mood and motivation while impairing their judgment, leading to medical errors, according to a new study published in JAMA Open Network. The study proposed shorter consecutive night shifts and naps as ways to offset the results of sleep loss, especially for interns or first-year residents. 

Residency programs recently have been experimenting with shorter call schedules.

 

Catching Zzs

Working the night shift demands a disciplined sleep schedule, said Nat deQuillfeldt, MD, a Denver Health chief resident in the University of Colorado’s internal medicine residency program.

“When I was on night admissions, I was very strict about going to sleep at 8 AM and waking at 3 PM every single day. It can be very tempting to try to stay up and spend time with loved ones, but my husband and I both prioritized my physical well-being for those weeks,” said deQuillfeldt, a PGY-4 resident. “It was especially challenging for me because I had to commute about 50 minutes each way and without such a rigid schedule I would have struggled to be on time.”

deQuillfeldt doesn’t have young children at home, a noisy community, or other distractions to interrupt sleep during the day. But it was still difficult for her to sleep while the sun was out. “I used an eye mask and ear plugs but definitely woke up more often than I would at night.”

Blackout curtains may have helped, she added.

“Without adequate sleep, your clinical thinking is not as sharp. When emergencies happen overnight, you’re often the first person to arrive and need to be able to make rapid, accurate assessments and decisions.”

As a chief resident, she chooses never to sleep during night shifts.

“I personally didn’t want to leave my interns alone or make them feel like they were waking me up or bothering me if they needed help, and I also didn’t want to be groggy in case of a rapid response or code blue.”

But napping on night shift is definitely possible, deQuillfeldt said. Between following up on overnight lab results, answering nurses’ questions, and responding to emergencies, she found downtime on night shift to eat and hydrate. She believes others can catch an hour or 2 of shut eye, even if they work in the intensive care unit, or 3-4 hours on rare quiet nights.

Vater suggests residents transitioning from daytime work to night shift prepare by trying to catch an afternoon nap, staying up later the night before the change, and banking sleep hours in advance.

When he knows he’s starting night shifts, Apurva Popat, MD, said he tries to go to sleep an hour or so later nights before to avoid becoming sleep deprived. The chief resident of internal medicine at Marshfield Clinic Health System in Marshfield, Wisconsin, doesn’t recommend sleeping during the night shift.

“I typically try not to sleep, even if I have time, so I can go home and sleep later in the morning,” said Popat, a PGY-3 resident.

To help him snooze, he uses blackout curtains and a fan to block out noise. His wife, a first-year internal medicine intern, often works a different shift, so she helps set up his sleeping environment and he reciprocates when it’s her turn for night shifts.

Some interns may need to catch a 20- to 30-minute nap on the first night shift, he said.

Popat also seeks out brighter areas of the hospital, such as the emergency department, where there are more people and colleagues to keep him alert.

 

Bypass Vending Machines

Lack of sleep makes it even more difficult to eat healthy on night shift, said Vater, who advises residents about wellness issues at IU and on social media.

“When you are sleep deprived, when you do not get enough sleep, you eat but you don’t feel full,” she said. “It’s hard to eat well on night shift. It’s harder if you go to the break room and there’s candy and junk food.”

Vater said that, as a resident, she brought a lunch bag to the hospital during night shifts. “I never had time to prep food, so I’d bring a whole apple, a whole orange, a whole avocado or nuts. It allowed me to eat more fruits and vegetables than I normally would.”

She advises caution when considering coffee to stay awake, especially after about 9 PM, which could interfere with sleep residents need later when they finish their shifts. Caffeine may help in the moment, but it prevents deep sleep, Vater said. So when residents finally get sleep after their shifts, they may wake up feeling tired, she said.

To avoid sleepiness, Popat brings protein shakes with him to night shifts. They stave off sugar spikes and keep his energy level high, he said. He might have a protein shake and fruit before he leaves home and carry his vegetarian dinner with him to eat in the early morning hours when the hospital is calm.

Eating small and frequent meals also helps ward off sleepiness, deQuillfeldt said.

 

Take the Stairs

Trying to stay healthy on night shifts, Vater also checked on patients by taking the stairs. “I’d set the timer on my phone for 30 minutes and if I got paged at 15, I’d pause the timer and reset it if I had a moment later. I’d get at least 30 minutes in, although not always continuous. I think some activity is better than none.”

Vater said her hospital had a gym, but it wasn’t practical for her because it was further away from where she worked. “Sometimes my coresidents would be more creative, and we would do squats.”

Popat tries to lift weights 2 hours before his night shift, but he also takes short walks between patients’ rooms in the early morning hours when it’s quietest. He also promotes deep breathing to stay alert.

 

Ask for a Ride

Vater urges those coming off night shifts, especially those transitioning for the first time from daytime rotations, not to drive if they’re exhausted. “Get an Uber. ... Make sure you get a ride home.”

The CU residency program covers the cost of a ridesharing service when doctors-in-training are too tired to drive home, deQuillfeldt said. “We really try to encourage people to use this to reduce the risk of car accidents.”

 

Promoting Mental Health

The residency program also links residents with primary care and mental health services. People who really struggle with shift work sleep disorder may qualify for medications to help them stay awake overnight, in addition to sleep hygiene apps and sleep aides.

“Night shifts can put a strain on mental health, especially when you’re only working, eating, and sleeping and not spending any time with family and friends,” deQuillfeldt said. “My husband works late afternoons, so we often would go weeks seeing each other for 15-20 minutes a day.”

“Sleeping when the sun is out often leads to a lack of light exposure which can compound the problem. Seeking mental health support early is really important to avoiding burnout,” she said.

She also recommended planning a fun weekend activity, trip, or celebration with friends or family after night shifts end “so you have something to look forward to…It’s so important to have a light at the end of the tunnel, which will allow you to enjoy the sense of accomplishment even more.”

For more advice on the subject, consider the American Medical Association guide to managing sleep deprivation in residency or Laura Vater’s tips for night shifts.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Cultural competency is one of the most important values in the practice of medicine. Defined as the “ability to collaborate effectively with individuals from different cultures,” this type of competence “improves healthcare experiences and outcomes.” But within the context of cultural familiarity, it’s equally important to “understand that each person is an individual and may or may not adhere to certain cultural beliefs or practices common in his or her culture,” according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ’s) Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit.

Sarah Candler, MD, MPH, an internal medicine physician specializing in primary care for older adults in Washington, DC, said that the medical code of ethics consists of several pillars, with patient autonomy as the “first and most primary of those pillars.” She calls the balance of patient autonomy and cultural respect a “complicated tightrope to walk,” but says that these ethical principles can inform medical decisions and the patient-physician relationship.

 

Cultural Familiarity

It’s important to be as familiar as possible with the patient’s culture, Santina Wheat, MD, program director, Northwestern McGaw Family Medicine Residency at Delnor Hospital, Geneva, told this news organization. “For example, we serve many Orthodox Jewish patients. We had a meeting with rabbis from the community to present to us what religious laws might affect our patients. Until recently, I was delivering babies, and there was always a 24-hour emergency rabbi on call if an Orthodox patient wanted the input of a rabbi into her decisions.”

Jay W. Lee, MD, MPH, a member of the board of directors of the American Academy of Family Physicians, also sets out to educate himself about the cultural norms of his patients if they come from populations he’s not familiar with. “For example, this comes up when a new refugee population comes to the United States — most recently, there was a population of Afghan refugees,” Lee told this news organization.

Lee spent “a lot of time trying to learn about their cultural norms,” which prepared him to “ask more targeted questions about the patient’s understanding of the tests we were ordering or treatment options we were bringing forward.”

Lee, also the medical director at Integrated Health Partners of Southern California and associate clinical professor of family medicine at the University of California, Irvine, said it might be best if the physician is “language congruent or culturally similar.” Lee is of Asian descent and also speaks Spanish fluently. “I enjoy cultural exchanges with my patients, and I encourage patients to find a physician who’s the best fit.” But being from the same culture isn’t absolutely necessary for building relationships with the patient. “The key is offering the patient autonomy” while understanding the cultural context.

 

Don’t Assume ... Always Ask

Cultural familiarity doesn’t equate with stereotyping, Wheat emphasized. “Proceeding without assumptions opens the opportunity to ask questions for clarification and understanding and to improve patient care,” said Lee.

Sara Glass, PhD, LCSW, agrees. She’s the clinical director of Soul Wellness NYC, New York City, a psychotherapy practice that specializes in treating trauma. Based on her own experiences, she knows that some physicians and other healthcare professionals confuse cultural sensitivity with cultural stereotyping.

Glass, formerly Hasidic and ultra-Orthodox, shared an example from her own life. During the delivery of her second child, she sustained a vaginal tear. At her 6-week postpartum visit, her ob/gyn said, “Just remind me when you’re in your ninth month next time, and I can sew it up right after you deliver.”

Much of this physician’s practice “consisted of Hasidic women who looked just like me, wearing the same garb — head coverings such as wigs and scarves and long skirts. Most women in that community have multiple pregnancies,” Glass told this news organization. “My sister has 10 children, and that’s not unusual. The doctor simply assumed I’d be going on to have more babies without asking if that’s what I wanted.”

Glass says she was also never given information by her physician about the range of available contraceptive options. The rabbis of the Hasidic sect to which Glass belonged allowed women to practice contraception for 6 months following childbirth, or for longer, in the setting of certain medical conditions, but only certain types of birth control were religiously permissible. Other options were not mentioned to her by her physician, and she didn’t know that they existed.

Making no assumptions applies not only to patients from other cultures but also to all patients — including members of “mainstream American culture.”

Candler recalls a young patient with a new baby, who shared “how exhausted she was and how much time, energy, and work it took to care for children,” Candler recounted. “To me, it sounded as though she didn’t want another child, and I was about to offer contraception when it occurred to me to first ask if she wanted to have more children.” Candler was surprised when the patient said that, although she wasn’t actively looking to become pregnant again, she didn’t want to take preventive measures. “I’m so glad I asked, rather than simply assuming.”

 

Culture Is Mutable

Important questions to ask patients include whether there are aspects of their culture or religion that might affect their care — which can include medications they may feel uncomfortable using — and what family members they want to have involved in clinical discussions and decisions, said Wheat.

Lee described treating a refugee from Afghanistan who was in her sixth month of pregnancy. “I quickly needed to learn about what her expectations were for her care and my presence as a male on her care team,” he recounted. Lee arranged for the patient to receive prenatal care from a different clinician and arranged for follow-up for her husband and children. “Everyone had good results.”

Candler noted that some patients choose their physician specifically because that practitioner is conversant with their culture and respectful of its mores — especially when physicians share the same culture as the patient. But that level of familiarity can make it easy to forget to ask questions about the experience of the individual patient within that culture.

Moreover, Glass suggested, some physicians who treat patients from a particular culture or religious group may be concerned about offending them or antagonizing religious leaders if they discuss medical options that aren’t accepted or practiced in that community or culture, such as vasectomy for male contraception. “But that deprives patients of knowing what choices are available and making truly informed decisions.”

This is especially important because “culture is mutable,” said Candler, and religious or cultural practices can “look one way on paper but be implemented, adopted, or executed in a completely different way by every human being who lives in that culture.” The best cultural competency “comes from continuing to build relationships with our patients. But even in a single visit, a single hospitalization, we should get to know patients as human beings, not just members of a given culture.”

There are cultures in which families want to be the liaison between the patient and the physician and to make decisions on the patient’s behalf. “I always ask patients what role they want their family members to play even if the cultural expectation is that the family will be heavily involved,” Candler said.

Sometimes, this can be awkward, and families might become upset. Candler described an elderly, frail patient who was diagnosed with end-stage cancer. She had always relied heavily on family to care for her. Concerned about overburdening them, she didn’t want them to know her diagnosis. The patient was mentally competent to make that decision.

“Usually, I would have had the family at the bedside so I could be sure everyone was appropriately informed and prepared for what lay ahead, but in this case, I couldn’t do so,” Candler said. “I had to inform her entire care team not to discuss the cancer diagnosis with any family members because this was the patient’s express wish. And when the family asked me if the diagnosis was cancer, I had to respond, ‘I’m so sorry, but your loved one doesn’t want us to discuss details of her diagnosis.’”

Other patients don’t want to know their own diagnosis and specifically ask Candler to inform a family member. “I’ve had patients request that I tell their children. They want their children to make decisions on their behalf.”

The main thing, Candler emphasized, is to “ask the patient, make sure the patient is competent to make that decision, thoroughly document the patient’s decision in the chart, and respect whatever that decision is.”

 

You Can Revisit the Questions

Having a longitudinal relationship means that the physician can revisit the same questions at different junctures because people’s perspectives sometimes change over time. “Discussing what a patient wants isn’t necessarily a one-time occurrence,” Wheat said. For example, “I’ve had situations where a patient has been a member of Jehovah’s Witnesses and won’t accept blood products — like transfusions — in treatment. I tell these patients that if an emergent situation arises, I would like to have the conversation again.”

Of course, sometimes patients are seen in the emergency department or in other situations where the physician has no prior relationship with them. “I always go into a room, especially with new patients, aiming to build rapport, communicate with a high level of respect, introduce myself, explain my approach, and understand the patient’s wishes,” Lee said. “As scenarios play out, I ask in multiple ways for the patient to confirm those wishes.”

He acknowledges that this can be time-consuming, “but it helps ensure the care that patient receives is complete, thorough, comprehensive, and respectful of the patient’s values and wishes.”

Candler disclosed paid part-time clinical work at CuraCapitol Primary Care Services, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American College of Physicians, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American Medical Association while serving on their Task Force to Preserve the Patient-Physician Relationship, and serving as a partner representative (reimbursed for time) for the AHRQ’s Person-Centered Care Planning Partnership, representing the American College of Physicians. Lee, Wheat, and Glass disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Cultural competency is one of the most important values in the practice of medicine. Defined as the “ability to collaborate effectively with individuals from different cultures,” this type of competence “improves healthcare experiences and outcomes.” But within the context of cultural familiarity, it’s equally important to “understand that each person is an individual and may or may not adhere to certain cultural beliefs or practices common in his or her culture,” according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ’s) Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit.

Sarah Candler, MD, MPH, an internal medicine physician specializing in primary care for older adults in Washington, DC, said that the medical code of ethics consists of several pillars, with patient autonomy as the “first and most primary of those pillars.” She calls the balance of patient autonomy and cultural respect a “complicated tightrope to walk,” but says that these ethical principles can inform medical decisions and the patient-physician relationship.

 

Cultural Familiarity

It’s important to be as familiar as possible with the patient’s culture, Santina Wheat, MD, program director, Northwestern McGaw Family Medicine Residency at Delnor Hospital, Geneva, told this news organization. “For example, we serve many Orthodox Jewish patients. We had a meeting with rabbis from the community to present to us what religious laws might affect our patients. Until recently, I was delivering babies, and there was always a 24-hour emergency rabbi on call if an Orthodox patient wanted the input of a rabbi into her decisions.”

Jay W. Lee, MD, MPH, a member of the board of directors of the American Academy of Family Physicians, also sets out to educate himself about the cultural norms of his patients if they come from populations he’s not familiar with. “For example, this comes up when a new refugee population comes to the United States — most recently, there was a population of Afghan refugees,” Lee told this news organization.

Lee spent “a lot of time trying to learn about their cultural norms,” which prepared him to “ask more targeted questions about the patient’s understanding of the tests we were ordering or treatment options we were bringing forward.”

Lee, also the medical director at Integrated Health Partners of Southern California and associate clinical professor of family medicine at the University of California, Irvine, said it might be best if the physician is “language congruent or culturally similar.” Lee is of Asian descent and also speaks Spanish fluently. “I enjoy cultural exchanges with my patients, and I encourage patients to find a physician who’s the best fit.” But being from the same culture isn’t absolutely necessary for building relationships with the patient. “The key is offering the patient autonomy” while understanding the cultural context.

 

Don’t Assume ... Always Ask

Cultural familiarity doesn’t equate with stereotyping, Wheat emphasized. “Proceeding without assumptions opens the opportunity to ask questions for clarification and understanding and to improve patient care,” said Lee.

Sara Glass, PhD, LCSW, agrees. She’s the clinical director of Soul Wellness NYC, New York City, a psychotherapy practice that specializes in treating trauma. Based on her own experiences, she knows that some physicians and other healthcare professionals confuse cultural sensitivity with cultural stereotyping.

Glass, formerly Hasidic and ultra-Orthodox, shared an example from her own life. During the delivery of her second child, she sustained a vaginal tear. At her 6-week postpartum visit, her ob/gyn said, “Just remind me when you’re in your ninth month next time, and I can sew it up right after you deliver.”

Much of this physician’s practice “consisted of Hasidic women who looked just like me, wearing the same garb — head coverings such as wigs and scarves and long skirts. Most women in that community have multiple pregnancies,” Glass told this news organization. “My sister has 10 children, and that’s not unusual. The doctor simply assumed I’d be going on to have more babies without asking if that’s what I wanted.”

Glass says she was also never given information by her physician about the range of available contraceptive options. The rabbis of the Hasidic sect to which Glass belonged allowed women to practice contraception for 6 months following childbirth, or for longer, in the setting of certain medical conditions, but only certain types of birth control were religiously permissible. Other options were not mentioned to her by her physician, and she didn’t know that they existed.

Making no assumptions applies not only to patients from other cultures but also to all patients — including members of “mainstream American culture.”

Candler recalls a young patient with a new baby, who shared “how exhausted she was and how much time, energy, and work it took to care for children,” Candler recounted. “To me, it sounded as though she didn’t want another child, and I was about to offer contraception when it occurred to me to first ask if she wanted to have more children.” Candler was surprised when the patient said that, although she wasn’t actively looking to become pregnant again, she didn’t want to take preventive measures. “I’m so glad I asked, rather than simply assuming.”

 

Culture Is Mutable

Important questions to ask patients include whether there are aspects of their culture or religion that might affect their care — which can include medications they may feel uncomfortable using — and what family members they want to have involved in clinical discussions and decisions, said Wheat.

Lee described treating a refugee from Afghanistan who was in her sixth month of pregnancy. “I quickly needed to learn about what her expectations were for her care and my presence as a male on her care team,” he recounted. Lee arranged for the patient to receive prenatal care from a different clinician and arranged for follow-up for her husband and children. “Everyone had good results.”

Candler noted that some patients choose their physician specifically because that practitioner is conversant with their culture and respectful of its mores — especially when physicians share the same culture as the patient. But that level of familiarity can make it easy to forget to ask questions about the experience of the individual patient within that culture.

Moreover, Glass suggested, some physicians who treat patients from a particular culture or religious group may be concerned about offending them or antagonizing religious leaders if they discuss medical options that aren’t accepted or practiced in that community or culture, such as vasectomy for male contraception. “But that deprives patients of knowing what choices are available and making truly informed decisions.”

This is especially important because “culture is mutable,” said Candler, and religious or cultural practices can “look one way on paper but be implemented, adopted, or executed in a completely different way by every human being who lives in that culture.” The best cultural competency “comes from continuing to build relationships with our patients. But even in a single visit, a single hospitalization, we should get to know patients as human beings, not just members of a given culture.”

There are cultures in which families want to be the liaison between the patient and the physician and to make decisions on the patient’s behalf. “I always ask patients what role they want their family members to play even if the cultural expectation is that the family will be heavily involved,” Candler said.

Sometimes, this can be awkward, and families might become upset. Candler described an elderly, frail patient who was diagnosed with end-stage cancer. She had always relied heavily on family to care for her. Concerned about overburdening them, she didn’t want them to know her diagnosis. The patient was mentally competent to make that decision.

“Usually, I would have had the family at the bedside so I could be sure everyone was appropriately informed and prepared for what lay ahead, but in this case, I couldn’t do so,” Candler said. “I had to inform her entire care team not to discuss the cancer diagnosis with any family members because this was the patient’s express wish. And when the family asked me if the diagnosis was cancer, I had to respond, ‘I’m so sorry, but your loved one doesn’t want us to discuss details of her diagnosis.’”

Other patients don’t want to know their own diagnosis and specifically ask Candler to inform a family member. “I’ve had patients request that I tell their children. They want their children to make decisions on their behalf.”

The main thing, Candler emphasized, is to “ask the patient, make sure the patient is competent to make that decision, thoroughly document the patient’s decision in the chart, and respect whatever that decision is.”

 

You Can Revisit the Questions

Having a longitudinal relationship means that the physician can revisit the same questions at different junctures because people’s perspectives sometimes change over time. “Discussing what a patient wants isn’t necessarily a one-time occurrence,” Wheat said. For example, “I’ve had situations where a patient has been a member of Jehovah’s Witnesses and won’t accept blood products — like transfusions — in treatment. I tell these patients that if an emergent situation arises, I would like to have the conversation again.”

Of course, sometimes patients are seen in the emergency department or in other situations where the physician has no prior relationship with them. “I always go into a room, especially with new patients, aiming to build rapport, communicate with a high level of respect, introduce myself, explain my approach, and understand the patient’s wishes,” Lee said. “As scenarios play out, I ask in multiple ways for the patient to confirm those wishes.”

He acknowledges that this can be time-consuming, “but it helps ensure the care that patient receives is complete, thorough, comprehensive, and respectful of the patient’s values and wishes.”

Candler disclosed paid part-time clinical work at CuraCapitol Primary Care Services, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American College of Physicians, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American Medical Association while serving on their Task Force to Preserve the Patient-Physician Relationship, and serving as a partner representative (reimbursed for time) for the AHRQ’s Person-Centered Care Planning Partnership, representing the American College of Physicians. Lee, Wheat, and Glass disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Cultural competency is one of the most important values in the practice of medicine. Defined as the “ability to collaborate effectively with individuals from different cultures,” this type of competence “improves healthcare experiences and outcomes.” But within the context of cultural familiarity, it’s equally important to “understand that each person is an individual and may or may not adhere to certain cultural beliefs or practices common in his or her culture,” according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ’s) Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit.

Sarah Candler, MD, MPH, an internal medicine physician specializing in primary care for older adults in Washington, DC, said that the medical code of ethics consists of several pillars, with patient autonomy as the “first and most primary of those pillars.” She calls the balance of patient autonomy and cultural respect a “complicated tightrope to walk,” but says that these ethical principles can inform medical decisions and the patient-physician relationship.

 

Cultural Familiarity

It’s important to be as familiar as possible with the patient’s culture, Santina Wheat, MD, program director, Northwestern McGaw Family Medicine Residency at Delnor Hospital, Geneva, told this news organization. “For example, we serve many Orthodox Jewish patients. We had a meeting with rabbis from the community to present to us what religious laws might affect our patients. Until recently, I was delivering babies, and there was always a 24-hour emergency rabbi on call if an Orthodox patient wanted the input of a rabbi into her decisions.”

Jay W. Lee, MD, MPH, a member of the board of directors of the American Academy of Family Physicians, also sets out to educate himself about the cultural norms of his patients if they come from populations he’s not familiar with. “For example, this comes up when a new refugee population comes to the United States — most recently, there was a population of Afghan refugees,” Lee told this news organization.

Lee spent “a lot of time trying to learn about their cultural norms,” which prepared him to “ask more targeted questions about the patient’s understanding of the tests we were ordering or treatment options we were bringing forward.”

Lee, also the medical director at Integrated Health Partners of Southern California and associate clinical professor of family medicine at the University of California, Irvine, said it might be best if the physician is “language congruent or culturally similar.” Lee is of Asian descent and also speaks Spanish fluently. “I enjoy cultural exchanges with my patients, and I encourage patients to find a physician who’s the best fit.” But being from the same culture isn’t absolutely necessary for building relationships with the patient. “The key is offering the patient autonomy” while understanding the cultural context.

 

Don’t Assume ... Always Ask

Cultural familiarity doesn’t equate with stereotyping, Wheat emphasized. “Proceeding without assumptions opens the opportunity to ask questions for clarification and understanding and to improve patient care,” said Lee.

Sara Glass, PhD, LCSW, agrees. She’s the clinical director of Soul Wellness NYC, New York City, a psychotherapy practice that specializes in treating trauma. Based on her own experiences, she knows that some physicians and other healthcare professionals confuse cultural sensitivity with cultural stereotyping.

Glass, formerly Hasidic and ultra-Orthodox, shared an example from her own life. During the delivery of her second child, she sustained a vaginal tear. At her 6-week postpartum visit, her ob/gyn said, “Just remind me when you’re in your ninth month next time, and I can sew it up right after you deliver.”

Much of this physician’s practice “consisted of Hasidic women who looked just like me, wearing the same garb — head coverings such as wigs and scarves and long skirts. Most women in that community have multiple pregnancies,” Glass told this news organization. “My sister has 10 children, and that’s not unusual. The doctor simply assumed I’d be going on to have more babies without asking if that’s what I wanted.”

Glass says she was also never given information by her physician about the range of available contraceptive options. The rabbis of the Hasidic sect to which Glass belonged allowed women to practice contraception for 6 months following childbirth, or for longer, in the setting of certain medical conditions, but only certain types of birth control were religiously permissible. Other options were not mentioned to her by her physician, and she didn’t know that they existed.

Making no assumptions applies not only to patients from other cultures but also to all patients — including members of “mainstream American culture.”

Candler recalls a young patient with a new baby, who shared “how exhausted she was and how much time, energy, and work it took to care for children,” Candler recounted. “To me, it sounded as though she didn’t want another child, and I was about to offer contraception when it occurred to me to first ask if she wanted to have more children.” Candler was surprised when the patient said that, although she wasn’t actively looking to become pregnant again, she didn’t want to take preventive measures. “I’m so glad I asked, rather than simply assuming.”

 

Culture Is Mutable

Important questions to ask patients include whether there are aspects of their culture or religion that might affect their care — which can include medications they may feel uncomfortable using — and what family members they want to have involved in clinical discussions and decisions, said Wheat.

Lee described treating a refugee from Afghanistan who was in her sixth month of pregnancy. “I quickly needed to learn about what her expectations were for her care and my presence as a male on her care team,” he recounted. Lee arranged for the patient to receive prenatal care from a different clinician and arranged for follow-up for her husband and children. “Everyone had good results.”

Candler noted that some patients choose their physician specifically because that practitioner is conversant with their culture and respectful of its mores — especially when physicians share the same culture as the patient. But that level of familiarity can make it easy to forget to ask questions about the experience of the individual patient within that culture.

Moreover, Glass suggested, some physicians who treat patients from a particular culture or religious group may be concerned about offending them or antagonizing religious leaders if they discuss medical options that aren’t accepted or practiced in that community or culture, such as vasectomy for male contraception. “But that deprives patients of knowing what choices are available and making truly informed decisions.”

This is especially important because “culture is mutable,” said Candler, and religious or cultural practices can “look one way on paper but be implemented, adopted, or executed in a completely different way by every human being who lives in that culture.” The best cultural competency “comes from continuing to build relationships with our patients. But even in a single visit, a single hospitalization, we should get to know patients as human beings, not just members of a given culture.”

There are cultures in which families want to be the liaison between the patient and the physician and to make decisions on the patient’s behalf. “I always ask patients what role they want their family members to play even if the cultural expectation is that the family will be heavily involved,” Candler said.

Sometimes, this can be awkward, and families might become upset. Candler described an elderly, frail patient who was diagnosed with end-stage cancer. She had always relied heavily on family to care for her. Concerned about overburdening them, she didn’t want them to know her diagnosis. The patient was mentally competent to make that decision.

“Usually, I would have had the family at the bedside so I could be sure everyone was appropriately informed and prepared for what lay ahead, but in this case, I couldn’t do so,” Candler said. “I had to inform her entire care team not to discuss the cancer diagnosis with any family members because this was the patient’s express wish. And when the family asked me if the diagnosis was cancer, I had to respond, ‘I’m so sorry, but your loved one doesn’t want us to discuss details of her diagnosis.’”

Other patients don’t want to know their own diagnosis and specifically ask Candler to inform a family member. “I’ve had patients request that I tell their children. They want their children to make decisions on their behalf.”

The main thing, Candler emphasized, is to “ask the patient, make sure the patient is competent to make that decision, thoroughly document the patient’s decision in the chart, and respect whatever that decision is.”

 

You Can Revisit the Questions

Having a longitudinal relationship means that the physician can revisit the same questions at different junctures because people’s perspectives sometimes change over time. “Discussing what a patient wants isn’t necessarily a one-time occurrence,” Wheat said. For example, “I’ve had situations where a patient has been a member of Jehovah’s Witnesses and won’t accept blood products — like transfusions — in treatment. I tell these patients that if an emergent situation arises, I would like to have the conversation again.”

Of course, sometimes patients are seen in the emergency department or in other situations where the physician has no prior relationship with them. “I always go into a room, especially with new patients, aiming to build rapport, communicate with a high level of respect, introduce myself, explain my approach, and understand the patient’s wishes,” Lee said. “As scenarios play out, I ask in multiple ways for the patient to confirm those wishes.”

He acknowledges that this can be time-consuming, “but it helps ensure the care that patient receives is complete, thorough, comprehensive, and respectful of the patient’s values and wishes.”

Candler disclosed paid part-time clinical work at CuraCapitol Primary Care Services, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American College of Physicians, volunteer advocacy (reimbursed for travel) for the American Medical Association while serving on their Task Force to Preserve the Patient-Physician Relationship, and serving as a partner representative (reimbursed for time) for the AHRQ’s Person-Centered Care Planning Partnership, representing the American College of Physicians. Lee, Wheat, and Glass disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Interventions during holidays and school vacations can help prevent children and adults gaining weight, according to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews.

Evidence suggests that certain times of the year, such as the Christmas holidays and summer vacations, are associated with weight gain. In adults, up to 50% of the total annual weight gain occurs during December.

In 2023, the United Nations Children’s Fund reported that more than four million children younger than 5 years and nearly 50 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean were affected by overweight. Among adults, more than 50% of individuals in every country in the region live with obesity.

These alarming figures call for urgent action from governments, healthcare professionals, and multidisciplinary teams to implement prevention strategies and promote further research.

 

Study Significance

Michelle Maree Haby de Sosa, PhD, an epidemiologist and researcher at the Department of Chemical-Biological and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico, led the study. She explained that the research team first conducted a narrative review on weight gain during the festive season. “We found that the 6 weeks between December and mid-January represent a critical period when people gain half the weight they put on all year. This highlights the importance of addressing obesity and overweight by promoting lifestyle changes and prevention strategies to tackle this public health issue.”

The researchers then conducted a systematic review of global interventions not only to publish findings but also to educate healthcare professionals and stakeholders. They searched databases such as Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane, focusing on randomized controlled trials. These were supplemented with gray literature and references from relevant articles, as well as additional data requested from study authors.

 

Key Findings

The review included studies from the United States (10), the United Kingdom (one), and Chile (one). Of these, two had a low risk for bias, two moderate, seven high, and one critical.

Most interventions targeted school-aged children or adults. According to Haby de Sosa, achieving consistent results in adolescents was challenging due to the difficulty of changing behaviors in this age group. In contrast, interventions for school-aged children were implemented primarily during day camp visits, where participants were divided into control and intervention groups.

The interventions included nutrition classes, physical activity, and the provision of healthy meals, which resulted in less weight gain compared with control groups.

In children, the meta-analysis of four of seven studies conducted during summer vacations (six interventions) found a small but significant reduction in body mass index z-scores in the intervention group (−0.06; 95% CI, −0.10 to −0.01; P = .01; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence).

Among adults, interventions also generally proved effective, despite variations in implementation. A meta-analysis of five studies involving 462 participants (234 intervention, 228 control) showed a slight reduction in body weight (−0.99 kg; 95% CI, −2.15 to 0.18; P = 0.10; I² = 89%).

Three key intervention areas were identified: Nutrition, physical activity, and psychological support including behavioral and cognitive elements. Strict diets were generally not a priority; instead, participants were advised to reduce consumption of high-calorie food and sugary beverages while increasing their intake of vegetables.

 

Promising Interventions

The study highlighted specific interventions for children and adults:

• Children: 6- to 8-week summer camps with daily physical activities such as sports and crafts, complemented by free, nutritious meals.
• Adults: Daily weight monitoring paired with nutrition counseling based on social cognitive theory. Interventions lasted 4 to 8 weeks, spanning mid-November to early January.

Expert Recommendations

Carlos Cristi-Montero, PhD, a researcher at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, and an author of a Chilean intervention study, shared insights with this news organization.

He emphasized the importance of portion control for children. “During the holidays, families prepare calorie-rich dishes but often fail to consider portion sizes,” he noted. “Children are treated like adults, which contributes to excessive caloric intake. Our interventions focused on teaching people about portion control, the caloric content of their meals, and the risks of overweight and obesity, as well as the benefits of healthy eating.”

He also stressed the importance of evaluating not just weight but body composition, using tools like dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure fat and muscle mass.

Cristi-Montero also highlighted the importance of physical activity: “We emphasize the value of exercise and staying active as key strategies to prevent weight gain.”

 

Steps for Successful Interventions

Educating teachers and parents to reinforce healthy behaviors is also vital, according to Cristi-Montero, as obesity impacts not only metabolic health but also academic performance and mental health.

Both Haby de Sosa and Cristi-Montero agreed that primary care professionals have an important role in driving effective interventions, alongside participation in research to refine prevention strategies. Multidisciplinary teams — including nutritionists, psychologists, exercise specialists, teachers, and parents — can play a part in preventing weight gain during holidays.

 

Future Directions

The University of Sonora research team is currently conducting a controlled trial in Hermosillo, Mexico, involving adult participants divided into intervention and control groups. Preliminary results, already published online, highlight the effectiveness of strategies such as nutrition education, physical activity, regular weight goals, and psychological support in promoting habit changes.

“Interventions to prevent weight gain during the holidays and summer vacations are necessary,” the authors concluded, emphasizing the need for further research to evaluate their effectiveness in the region.

Haby de Sosa or Cristi-Montero declared no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

Natalia Martínez Medina, disclosed the following: Consultant or advisor for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Speaker or a member of a speaker’s bureau for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Research funding from: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Contracted researcher for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Employee of: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former).

This story was translated from Medscape’s Spanish edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Interventions during holidays and school vacations can help prevent children and adults gaining weight, according to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews.

Evidence suggests that certain times of the year, such as the Christmas holidays and summer vacations, are associated with weight gain. In adults, up to 50% of the total annual weight gain occurs during December.

In 2023, the United Nations Children’s Fund reported that more than four million children younger than 5 years and nearly 50 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean were affected by overweight. Among adults, more than 50% of individuals in every country in the region live with obesity.

These alarming figures call for urgent action from governments, healthcare professionals, and multidisciplinary teams to implement prevention strategies and promote further research.

 

Study Significance

Michelle Maree Haby de Sosa, PhD, an epidemiologist and researcher at the Department of Chemical-Biological and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico, led the study. She explained that the research team first conducted a narrative review on weight gain during the festive season. “We found that the 6 weeks between December and mid-January represent a critical period when people gain half the weight they put on all year. This highlights the importance of addressing obesity and overweight by promoting lifestyle changes and prevention strategies to tackle this public health issue.”

The researchers then conducted a systematic review of global interventions not only to publish findings but also to educate healthcare professionals and stakeholders. They searched databases such as Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane, focusing on randomized controlled trials. These were supplemented with gray literature and references from relevant articles, as well as additional data requested from study authors.

 

Key Findings

The review included studies from the United States (10), the United Kingdom (one), and Chile (one). Of these, two had a low risk for bias, two moderate, seven high, and one critical.

Most interventions targeted school-aged children or adults. According to Haby de Sosa, achieving consistent results in adolescents was challenging due to the difficulty of changing behaviors in this age group. In contrast, interventions for school-aged children were implemented primarily during day camp visits, where participants were divided into control and intervention groups.

The interventions included nutrition classes, physical activity, and the provision of healthy meals, which resulted in less weight gain compared with control groups.

In children, the meta-analysis of four of seven studies conducted during summer vacations (six interventions) found a small but significant reduction in body mass index z-scores in the intervention group (−0.06; 95% CI, −0.10 to −0.01; P = .01; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence).

Among adults, interventions also generally proved effective, despite variations in implementation. A meta-analysis of five studies involving 462 participants (234 intervention, 228 control) showed a slight reduction in body weight (−0.99 kg; 95% CI, −2.15 to 0.18; P = 0.10; I² = 89%).

Three key intervention areas were identified: Nutrition, physical activity, and psychological support including behavioral and cognitive elements. Strict diets were generally not a priority; instead, participants were advised to reduce consumption of high-calorie food and sugary beverages while increasing their intake of vegetables.

 

Promising Interventions

The study highlighted specific interventions for children and adults:

• Children: 6- to 8-week summer camps with daily physical activities such as sports and crafts, complemented by free, nutritious meals.
• Adults: Daily weight monitoring paired with nutrition counseling based on social cognitive theory. Interventions lasted 4 to 8 weeks, spanning mid-November to early January.

Expert Recommendations

Carlos Cristi-Montero, PhD, a researcher at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, and an author of a Chilean intervention study, shared insights with this news organization.

He emphasized the importance of portion control for children. “During the holidays, families prepare calorie-rich dishes but often fail to consider portion sizes,” he noted. “Children are treated like adults, which contributes to excessive caloric intake. Our interventions focused on teaching people about portion control, the caloric content of their meals, and the risks of overweight and obesity, as well as the benefits of healthy eating.”

He also stressed the importance of evaluating not just weight but body composition, using tools like dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure fat and muscle mass.

Cristi-Montero also highlighted the importance of physical activity: “We emphasize the value of exercise and staying active as key strategies to prevent weight gain.”

 

Steps for Successful Interventions

Educating teachers and parents to reinforce healthy behaviors is also vital, according to Cristi-Montero, as obesity impacts not only metabolic health but also academic performance and mental health.

Both Haby de Sosa and Cristi-Montero agreed that primary care professionals have an important role in driving effective interventions, alongside participation in research to refine prevention strategies. Multidisciplinary teams — including nutritionists, psychologists, exercise specialists, teachers, and parents — can play a part in preventing weight gain during holidays.

 

Future Directions

The University of Sonora research team is currently conducting a controlled trial in Hermosillo, Mexico, involving adult participants divided into intervention and control groups. Preliminary results, already published online, highlight the effectiveness of strategies such as nutrition education, physical activity, regular weight goals, and psychological support in promoting habit changes.

“Interventions to prevent weight gain during the holidays and summer vacations are necessary,” the authors concluded, emphasizing the need for further research to evaluate their effectiveness in the region.

Haby de Sosa or Cristi-Montero declared no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

Natalia Martínez Medina, disclosed the following: Consultant or advisor for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Speaker or a member of a speaker’s bureau for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Research funding from: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Contracted researcher for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Employee of: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former).

This story was translated from Medscape’s Spanish edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Interventions during holidays and school vacations can help prevent children and adults gaining weight, according to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews.

Evidence suggests that certain times of the year, such as the Christmas holidays and summer vacations, are associated with weight gain. In adults, up to 50% of the total annual weight gain occurs during December.

In 2023, the United Nations Children’s Fund reported that more than four million children younger than 5 years and nearly 50 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean were affected by overweight. Among adults, more than 50% of individuals in every country in the region live with obesity.

These alarming figures call for urgent action from governments, healthcare professionals, and multidisciplinary teams to implement prevention strategies and promote further research.

 

Study Significance

Michelle Maree Haby de Sosa, PhD, an epidemiologist and researcher at the Department of Chemical-Biological and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico, led the study. She explained that the research team first conducted a narrative review on weight gain during the festive season. “We found that the 6 weeks between December and mid-January represent a critical period when people gain half the weight they put on all year. This highlights the importance of addressing obesity and overweight by promoting lifestyle changes and prevention strategies to tackle this public health issue.”

The researchers then conducted a systematic review of global interventions not only to publish findings but also to educate healthcare professionals and stakeholders. They searched databases such as Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane, focusing on randomized controlled trials. These were supplemented with gray literature and references from relevant articles, as well as additional data requested from study authors.

 

Key Findings

The review included studies from the United States (10), the United Kingdom (one), and Chile (one). Of these, two had a low risk for bias, two moderate, seven high, and one critical.

Most interventions targeted school-aged children or adults. According to Haby de Sosa, achieving consistent results in adolescents was challenging due to the difficulty of changing behaviors in this age group. In contrast, interventions for school-aged children were implemented primarily during day camp visits, where participants were divided into control and intervention groups.

The interventions included nutrition classes, physical activity, and the provision of healthy meals, which resulted in less weight gain compared with control groups.

In children, the meta-analysis of four of seven studies conducted during summer vacations (six interventions) found a small but significant reduction in body mass index z-scores in the intervention group (−0.06; 95% CI, −0.10 to −0.01; P = .01; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence).

Among adults, interventions also generally proved effective, despite variations in implementation. A meta-analysis of five studies involving 462 participants (234 intervention, 228 control) showed a slight reduction in body weight (−0.99 kg; 95% CI, −2.15 to 0.18; P = 0.10; I² = 89%).

Three key intervention areas were identified: Nutrition, physical activity, and psychological support including behavioral and cognitive elements. Strict diets were generally not a priority; instead, participants were advised to reduce consumption of high-calorie food and sugary beverages while increasing their intake of vegetables.

 

Promising Interventions

The study highlighted specific interventions for children and adults:

• Children: 6- to 8-week summer camps with daily physical activities such as sports and crafts, complemented by free, nutritious meals.
• Adults: Daily weight monitoring paired with nutrition counseling based on social cognitive theory. Interventions lasted 4 to 8 weeks, spanning mid-November to early January.

Expert Recommendations

Carlos Cristi-Montero, PhD, a researcher at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, and an author of a Chilean intervention study, shared insights with this news organization.

He emphasized the importance of portion control for children. “During the holidays, families prepare calorie-rich dishes but often fail to consider portion sizes,” he noted. “Children are treated like adults, which contributes to excessive caloric intake. Our interventions focused on teaching people about portion control, the caloric content of their meals, and the risks of overweight and obesity, as well as the benefits of healthy eating.”

He also stressed the importance of evaluating not just weight but body composition, using tools like dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure fat and muscle mass.

Cristi-Montero also highlighted the importance of physical activity: “We emphasize the value of exercise and staying active as key strategies to prevent weight gain.”

 

Steps for Successful Interventions

Educating teachers and parents to reinforce healthy behaviors is also vital, according to Cristi-Montero, as obesity impacts not only metabolic health but also academic performance and mental health.

Both Haby de Sosa and Cristi-Montero agreed that primary care professionals have an important role in driving effective interventions, alongside participation in research to refine prevention strategies. Multidisciplinary teams — including nutritionists, psychologists, exercise specialists, teachers, and parents — can play a part in preventing weight gain during holidays.

 

Future Directions

The University of Sonora research team is currently conducting a controlled trial in Hermosillo, Mexico, involving adult participants divided into intervention and control groups. Preliminary results, already published online, highlight the effectiveness of strategies such as nutrition education, physical activity, regular weight goals, and psychological support in promoting habit changes.

“Interventions to prevent weight gain during the holidays and summer vacations are necessary,” the authors concluded, emphasizing the need for further research to evaluate their effectiveness in the region.

Haby de Sosa or Cristi-Montero declared no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

Natalia Martínez Medina, disclosed the following: Consultant or advisor for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Speaker or a member of a speaker’s bureau for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Research funding from: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Contracted researcher for: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former). Employee of: AstraZeneca (former); Sanofi (former).

This story was translated from Medscape’s Spanish edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

New allergens responsible for contact dermatitis emerge regularly. During the Dermatology Days of Paris 2024 conference, Angèle Soria, MD, PhD, a dermatologist at Tenon Hospital in Paris, France, outlined four major categories driving this trend. Among them are (meth)acrylates found in nail cosmetics used in salons or do-it-yourself false nail kits that can be bought online.

Isothiazolinones

While the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis remains stable at around 20% of the population, new allergens are introduced due to changes in cosmetic formulations and evolving consumer habits. Recent culprits include methylisothiazolinone (MI), a preservative used in many cosmetics; (meth)acrylates; essential oils; and epoxy resins used in industry and leisure activities.

Around 15 years ago, parabens, commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, were identified as endocrine disruptors. In response, they were largely replaced by newer preservatives, notably MI. However, this led to a proliferation of allergic contact dermatitis in Europe between 2010 and 2013.

“About 10% of the population that we tested showed allergies to these preservatives, primarily found in cosmetics,” explained Soria. Since 2015, the use of MI in leave-on cosmetics has been prohibited in Europe and its concentration restricted in rinse-off products. However, cosmetics sold online from outside Europe may not comply with these regulations.

MI is also present in water-based paints to prevent mold. “A few years ago, we started seeing patients with facial angioedema, sometimes combined with asthma, caused by these isothiazolinone preservatives, including in patients who are not professional painters,” said Soria. More recently, attention has shifted to MI’s presence in household cleaning products. A 2020 Spanish study found MI in 76% of 34 analyzed cleaning products.

MI-based fungicides are also used to treat leather during transport, which can lead to contact allergies among professionals and consumers alike. Additionally, MI has been identified in children’s toys, including slime gels, and in florists’ gel cubes used to preserve flowers.

“We are therefore surrounded by these preservatives, which are no longer only in cosmetics,” warned the dermatologist.

 

(Meth)acrylates

Another major allergen category is (meth)acrylates, responsible for many cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Acrylates and their derivatives are widely used in everyday items. They are low–molecular weight monomers, sensitizing on contact with the skin. Their polymerized forms include materials like Plexiglas.

“We are currently witnessing an epidemic of contact dermatitis in the general population, mainly due to nail cosmetics, such as semipermanent nail polishes and at-home false nail kits,” reported Soria. Nail cosmetics account for 97% of new sensitization cases involving (meth)acrylates. These allergens often cause severe dermatitis, prompting the European Union to mandate labeling in 2020, warning that these products are “for professional use only” and can “cause allergic reactions.”

Beyond nail cosmetics, these allergens are also found in dental products (such as trays), ECG electrodes, prosthetics, glucose sensors, surgical adhesives, and some electronic devices like earbuds and phone screens. Notably, patients sensitized to acrylates via nail kits may experience reactions during dental treatments involving acrylates.

 

Investigating Essential Oil Use

Essential oils, distinct from vegetable oils like almond or argan, are another known allergen. Often considered risk-free due to their “natural” label, these products are widely used topically, orally, or via inhalation for various purposes, such as treating respiratory infections or creating relaxing atmospheres. However, essential oils contain fragrant molecules like terpenes, which can become highly allergenic over time, especially after repeated exposure.

Soria emphasized the importance of asking patients about their use of essential oils, especially tea tree and lavender oils, which are commonly used but rarely mentioned by patients unless prompted.

 

Epoxy Resins in Recreational Use

Epoxy resins are a growing cause of contact allergies, not just in professional settings such as aeronautics and construction work but also increasingly in recreational activities. Soria highlighted the case of a 12-year-old girl hospitalized for severe facial edema after engaging in resin crafts inspired by TikTok. For 6 months, she had been creating resin objects, such as bowls and cutting boards, using vinyl gloves and a Filtering FacePiece 2 mask under adult supervision.

“The growing popularity and online availability of epoxy resins mean that allergic reactions should now be considered even in nonprofessional contexts,” warned Soria.

 

Clinical Approach

When dermatologists suspect allergic contact dermatitis, the first step is to treat the condition with corticosteroid creams. This is followed by a detailed patient interview to identify suspected allergens in products they’ve used.

Patch testing is then conducted to confirm the allergen. Small chambers containing potential allergens are applied to the upper back for 48 hours without removal. Results are read 2-5 days later, with some cases requiring a 7-day follow-up.

The patient’s occupation is an important factor, as certain professions, such as hairdressing, healthcare, or beauty therapy, are known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Similarly, certain hobbies may also play a role. 

A thorough approach ensures accurate diagnosis and targeted prevention strategies.

This story was translated from Medscape’s French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

New allergens responsible for contact dermatitis emerge regularly. During the Dermatology Days of Paris 2024 conference, Angèle Soria, MD, PhD, a dermatologist at Tenon Hospital in Paris, France, outlined four major categories driving this trend. Among them are (meth)acrylates found in nail cosmetics used in salons or do-it-yourself false nail kits that can be bought online.

Isothiazolinones

While the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis remains stable at around 20% of the population, new allergens are introduced due to changes in cosmetic formulations and evolving consumer habits. Recent culprits include methylisothiazolinone (MI), a preservative used in many cosmetics; (meth)acrylates; essential oils; and epoxy resins used in industry and leisure activities.

Around 15 years ago, parabens, commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, were identified as endocrine disruptors. In response, they were largely replaced by newer preservatives, notably MI. However, this led to a proliferation of allergic contact dermatitis in Europe between 2010 and 2013.

“About 10% of the population that we tested showed allergies to these preservatives, primarily found in cosmetics,” explained Soria. Since 2015, the use of MI in leave-on cosmetics has been prohibited in Europe and its concentration restricted in rinse-off products. However, cosmetics sold online from outside Europe may not comply with these regulations.

MI is also present in water-based paints to prevent mold. “A few years ago, we started seeing patients with facial angioedema, sometimes combined with asthma, caused by these isothiazolinone preservatives, including in patients who are not professional painters,” said Soria. More recently, attention has shifted to MI’s presence in household cleaning products. A 2020 Spanish study found MI in 76% of 34 analyzed cleaning products.

MI-based fungicides are also used to treat leather during transport, which can lead to contact allergies among professionals and consumers alike. Additionally, MI has been identified in children’s toys, including slime gels, and in florists’ gel cubes used to preserve flowers.

“We are therefore surrounded by these preservatives, which are no longer only in cosmetics,” warned the dermatologist.

 

(Meth)acrylates

Another major allergen category is (meth)acrylates, responsible for many cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Acrylates and their derivatives are widely used in everyday items. They are low–molecular weight monomers, sensitizing on contact with the skin. Their polymerized forms include materials like Plexiglas.

“We are currently witnessing an epidemic of contact dermatitis in the general population, mainly due to nail cosmetics, such as semipermanent nail polishes and at-home false nail kits,” reported Soria. Nail cosmetics account for 97% of new sensitization cases involving (meth)acrylates. These allergens often cause severe dermatitis, prompting the European Union to mandate labeling in 2020, warning that these products are “for professional use only” and can “cause allergic reactions.”

Beyond nail cosmetics, these allergens are also found in dental products (such as trays), ECG electrodes, prosthetics, glucose sensors, surgical adhesives, and some electronic devices like earbuds and phone screens. Notably, patients sensitized to acrylates via nail kits may experience reactions during dental treatments involving acrylates.

 

Investigating Essential Oil Use

Essential oils, distinct from vegetable oils like almond or argan, are another known allergen. Often considered risk-free due to their “natural” label, these products are widely used topically, orally, or via inhalation for various purposes, such as treating respiratory infections or creating relaxing atmospheres. However, essential oils contain fragrant molecules like terpenes, which can become highly allergenic over time, especially after repeated exposure.

Soria emphasized the importance of asking patients about their use of essential oils, especially tea tree and lavender oils, which are commonly used but rarely mentioned by patients unless prompted.

 

Epoxy Resins in Recreational Use

Epoxy resins are a growing cause of contact allergies, not just in professional settings such as aeronautics and construction work but also increasingly in recreational activities. Soria highlighted the case of a 12-year-old girl hospitalized for severe facial edema after engaging in resin crafts inspired by TikTok. For 6 months, she had been creating resin objects, such as bowls and cutting boards, using vinyl gloves and a Filtering FacePiece 2 mask under adult supervision.

“The growing popularity and online availability of epoxy resins mean that allergic reactions should now be considered even in nonprofessional contexts,” warned Soria.

 

Clinical Approach

When dermatologists suspect allergic contact dermatitis, the first step is to treat the condition with corticosteroid creams. This is followed by a detailed patient interview to identify suspected allergens in products they’ve used.

Patch testing is then conducted to confirm the allergen. Small chambers containing potential allergens are applied to the upper back for 48 hours without removal. Results are read 2-5 days later, with some cases requiring a 7-day follow-up.

The patient’s occupation is an important factor, as certain professions, such as hairdressing, healthcare, or beauty therapy, are known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Similarly, certain hobbies may also play a role. 

A thorough approach ensures accurate diagnosis and targeted prevention strategies.

This story was translated from Medscape’s French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

New allergens responsible for contact dermatitis emerge regularly. During the Dermatology Days of Paris 2024 conference, Angèle Soria, MD, PhD, a dermatologist at Tenon Hospital in Paris, France, outlined four major categories driving this trend. Among them are (meth)acrylates found in nail cosmetics used in salons or do-it-yourself false nail kits that can be bought online.

Isothiazolinones

While the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis remains stable at around 20% of the population, new allergens are introduced due to changes in cosmetic formulations and evolving consumer habits. Recent culprits include methylisothiazolinone (MI), a preservative used in many cosmetics; (meth)acrylates; essential oils; and epoxy resins used in industry and leisure activities.

Around 15 years ago, parabens, commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, were identified as endocrine disruptors. In response, they were largely replaced by newer preservatives, notably MI. However, this led to a proliferation of allergic contact dermatitis in Europe between 2010 and 2013.

“About 10% of the population that we tested showed allergies to these preservatives, primarily found in cosmetics,” explained Soria. Since 2015, the use of MI in leave-on cosmetics has been prohibited in Europe and its concentration restricted in rinse-off products. However, cosmetics sold online from outside Europe may not comply with these regulations.

MI is also present in water-based paints to prevent mold. “A few years ago, we started seeing patients with facial angioedema, sometimes combined with asthma, caused by these isothiazolinone preservatives, including in patients who are not professional painters,” said Soria. More recently, attention has shifted to MI’s presence in household cleaning products. A 2020 Spanish study found MI in 76% of 34 analyzed cleaning products.

MI-based fungicides are also used to treat leather during transport, which can lead to contact allergies among professionals and consumers alike. Additionally, MI has been identified in children’s toys, including slime gels, and in florists’ gel cubes used to preserve flowers.

“We are therefore surrounded by these preservatives, which are no longer only in cosmetics,” warned the dermatologist.

 

(Meth)acrylates

Another major allergen category is (meth)acrylates, responsible for many cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Acrylates and their derivatives are widely used in everyday items. They are low–molecular weight monomers, sensitizing on contact with the skin. Their polymerized forms include materials like Plexiglas.

“We are currently witnessing an epidemic of contact dermatitis in the general population, mainly due to nail cosmetics, such as semipermanent nail polishes and at-home false nail kits,” reported Soria. Nail cosmetics account for 97% of new sensitization cases involving (meth)acrylates. These allergens often cause severe dermatitis, prompting the European Union to mandate labeling in 2020, warning that these products are “for professional use only” and can “cause allergic reactions.”

Beyond nail cosmetics, these allergens are also found in dental products (such as trays), ECG electrodes, prosthetics, glucose sensors, surgical adhesives, and some electronic devices like earbuds and phone screens. Notably, patients sensitized to acrylates via nail kits may experience reactions during dental treatments involving acrylates.

 

Investigating Essential Oil Use

Essential oils, distinct from vegetable oils like almond or argan, are another known allergen. Often considered risk-free due to their “natural” label, these products are widely used topically, orally, or via inhalation for various purposes, such as treating respiratory infections or creating relaxing atmospheres. However, essential oils contain fragrant molecules like terpenes, which can become highly allergenic over time, especially after repeated exposure.

Soria emphasized the importance of asking patients about their use of essential oils, especially tea tree and lavender oils, which are commonly used but rarely mentioned by patients unless prompted.

 

Epoxy Resins in Recreational Use

Epoxy resins are a growing cause of contact allergies, not just in professional settings such as aeronautics and construction work but also increasingly in recreational activities. Soria highlighted the case of a 12-year-old girl hospitalized for severe facial edema after engaging in resin crafts inspired by TikTok. For 6 months, she had been creating resin objects, such as bowls and cutting boards, using vinyl gloves and a Filtering FacePiece 2 mask under adult supervision.

“The growing popularity and online availability of epoxy resins mean that allergic reactions should now be considered even in nonprofessional contexts,” warned Soria.

 

Clinical Approach

When dermatologists suspect allergic contact dermatitis, the first step is to treat the condition with corticosteroid creams. This is followed by a detailed patient interview to identify suspected allergens in products they’ve used.

Patch testing is then conducted to confirm the allergen. Small chambers containing potential allergens are applied to the upper back for 48 hours without removal. Results are read 2-5 days later, with some cases requiring a 7-day follow-up.

The patient’s occupation is an important factor, as certain professions, such as hairdressing, healthcare, or beauty therapy, are known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Similarly, certain hobbies may also play a role. 

A thorough approach ensures accurate diagnosis and targeted prevention strategies.

This story was translated from Medscape’s French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

During a recent walk with my 6-year-old, he told me he smelled marijuana. His comment speaks to its increased (and more open) use since legalization in our state. The macho, misguided part of my dad psyche was proud of his “street cred” but the thinking part of my brain was concerned. He seemed a little young for a talk about drugs. 

I was able to provide a simple, watered-down list of reasons why he shouldn’t smoke marijuana or anything else. The “drugs are bad” aphorism sufficed for my 6-year-old but wasn’t worthy of an academic pulmonologist.

I retired from the military 2 years ago, so marijuana (I’m using the terms “marijuana” and “cannabis” interchangeably here) knowledge wasn’t required for regular practice. I recall one 60-year-old patient who reported smoking four joints a day for years. He had marked emphysema on CT, severe obstruction on spirometry, and he was functionally limited. Buttressed by scattered reports of acute lung injury caused by dabbing or marijuana vaping, this anecdotal “n of 1” led to a predictably pedantic conclusion: Smoking marijuana is bad for the lungs and preaching cessation is worth my time and effort. 

I now work in an inner-city hospital. My 6-year-old could identify the smell permeating the hallways and clinic rooms. I’ve reverted to counseling cessation using little more than my “drugs are bad” speech. When I came across a recent review in Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, I recognized the opportunity to read and do better. This summary is based heavily on that review.

Spoiler alert: The data aren’t great. By federal law, marijuana has been illegal in the United States since 1970, so neither funding nor recruitment has come easy. There’s lots of observational data that depend on self-report and are confounded by cigarette use. A lack of regulation results in variations in composition and concentration. In summary, though, smoking marijuana is associated with changes to the bronchial tree and respiratory symptoms, similar to those seen with chronic bronchitis. These symptoms improve with cessation. 

The relationship between marijuana and airflow obstruction and lung function is complicated. A mix of contradictory data shows a reduction in the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first 1 second to the forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC), an increase in FVC, and changes in conductance. 

Biologic plausibility, essential to bolster causality but easy to manufacture, seems intuitive for the airway changes (decreased FEV₁/FVC and conductance). The increase in FVC, explained by either the anti-inflammatory properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the impact from deep inhalations typical of marijuana use, is more difficult to understand. Regardless, I came away from the review less confident about marijuana’s impact on lung structure and function. 

The Seminars review also explores marijuana’s association with lung cancer, emphysema, and other structural changes seen on CT of the chest. There’s certainly noise here but the data at present are underwhelming. 

This all speaks to the general misconception I’ve had, perhaps shared by others, that the well-defined effects on the lung from tobacco abuse can be extrapolated to marijuana. In the past, I’d even gone so far as to equate a pack-year (smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for a year) to a joint-year (smoking one joint per day for a year), a rather dramatic oversimplification. While both are attempts to quantify exposure, the latter connotes far less information. The content of a joint can vary considerably in ways that the content of cigarettes does not, and there have been no formal studies of the comparative impact on the lung. 

 

Final Thoughts

The nuance here matters for several reasons. Legalization means an increase in use and presumably more open reporting by patients. In a vacuum, it seems reasonable to council cessation to reduce symptoms and because additional harms can be assumed, given what we know about smoke inhalation in general. Will cessation drive patients to an increase in tobacco use where harm is better established? 

Given its mixed effects on lung function, is it worth spending behavior change capital, the most precious of patient commodities, on marijuana counseling? Marijuana has numerous effects outside the lung that haven’t been touched on here. How should those be incorporated into our guidance? Legalization and regulation provide the opportunity to obtain the better data that are sorely needed.

Aaron B. Holley, MD, is a professor of medicine at Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, and a pulmonary/sleep and critical care medicine physician at MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, DC. He has disclosed the relevant financial relationships with Metapharm, CHEST College, and WebMD.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

During a recent walk with my 6-year-old, he told me he smelled marijuana. His comment speaks to its increased (and more open) use since legalization in our state. The macho, misguided part of my dad psyche was proud of his “street cred” but the thinking part of my brain was concerned. He seemed a little young for a talk about drugs. 

I was able to provide a simple, watered-down list of reasons why he shouldn’t smoke marijuana or anything else. The “drugs are bad” aphorism sufficed for my 6-year-old but wasn’t worthy of an academic pulmonologist.

I retired from the military 2 years ago, so marijuana (I’m using the terms “marijuana” and “cannabis” interchangeably here) knowledge wasn’t required for regular practice. I recall one 60-year-old patient who reported smoking four joints a day for years. He had marked emphysema on CT, severe obstruction on spirometry, and he was functionally limited. Buttressed by scattered reports of acute lung injury caused by dabbing or marijuana vaping, this anecdotal “n of 1” led to a predictably pedantic conclusion: Smoking marijuana is bad for the lungs and preaching cessation is worth my time and effort. 

I now work in an inner-city hospital. My 6-year-old could identify the smell permeating the hallways and clinic rooms. I’ve reverted to counseling cessation using little more than my “drugs are bad” speech. When I came across a recent review in Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, I recognized the opportunity to read and do better. This summary is based heavily on that review.

Spoiler alert: The data aren’t great. By federal law, marijuana has been illegal in the United States since 1970, so neither funding nor recruitment has come easy. There’s lots of observational data that depend on self-report and are confounded by cigarette use. A lack of regulation results in variations in composition and concentration. In summary, though, smoking marijuana is associated with changes to the bronchial tree and respiratory symptoms, similar to those seen with chronic bronchitis. These symptoms improve with cessation. 

The relationship between marijuana and airflow obstruction and lung function is complicated. A mix of contradictory data shows a reduction in the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first 1 second to the forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC), an increase in FVC, and changes in conductance. 

Biologic plausibility, essential to bolster causality but easy to manufacture, seems intuitive for the airway changes (decreased FEV₁/FVC and conductance). The increase in FVC, explained by either the anti-inflammatory properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the impact from deep inhalations typical of marijuana use, is more difficult to understand. Regardless, I came away from the review less confident about marijuana’s impact on lung structure and function. 

The Seminars review also explores marijuana’s association with lung cancer, emphysema, and other structural changes seen on CT of the chest. There’s certainly noise here but the data at present are underwhelming. 

This all speaks to the general misconception I’ve had, perhaps shared by others, that the well-defined effects on the lung from tobacco abuse can be extrapolated to marijuana. In the past, I’d even gone so far as to equate a pack-year (smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for a year) to a joint-year (smoking one joint per day for a year), a rather dramatic oversimplification. While both are attempts to quantify exposure, the latter connotes far less information. The content of a joint can vary considerably in ways that the content of cigarettes does not, and there have been no formal studies of the comparative impact on the lung. 

 

Final Thoughts

The nuance here matters for several reasons. Legalization means an increase in use and presumably more open reporting by patients. In a vacuum, it seems reasonable to council cessation to reduce symptoms and because additional harms can be assumed, given what we know about smoke inhalation in general. Will cessation drive patients to an increase in tobacco use where harm is better established? 

Given its mixed effects on lung function, is it worth spending behavior change capital, the most precious of patient commodities, on marijuana counseling? Marijuana has numerous effects outside the lung that haven’t been touched on here. How should those be incorporated into our guidance? Legalization and regulation provide the opportunity to obtain the better data that are sorely needed.

Aaron B. Holley, MD, is a professor of medicine at Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, and a pulmonary/sleep and critical care medicine physician at MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, DC. He has disclosed the relevant financial relationships with Metapharm, CHEST College, and WebMD.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

During a recent walk with my 6-year-old, he told me he smelled marijuana. His comment speaks to its increased (and more open) use since legalization in our state. The macho, misguided part of my dad psyche was proud of his “street cred” but the thinking part of my brain was concerned. He seemed a little young for a talk about drugs. 

I was able to provide a simple, watered-down list of reasons why he shouldn’t smoke marijuana or anything else. The “drugs are bad” aphorism sufficed for my 6-year-old but wasn’t worthy of an academic pulmonologist.

I retired from the military 2 years ago, so marijuana (I’m using the terms “marijuana” and “cannabis” interchangeably here) knowledge wasn’t required for regular practice. I recall one 60-year-old patient who reported smoking four joints a day for years. He had marked emphysema on CT, severe obstruction on spirometry, and he was functionally limited. Buttressed by scattered reports of acute lung injury caused by dabbing or marijuana vaping, this anecdotal “n of 1” led to a predictably pedantic conclusion: Smoking marijuana is bad for the lungs and preaching cessation is worth my time and effort. 

I now work in an inner-city hospital. My 6-year-old could identify the smell permeating the hallways and clinic rooms. I’ve reverted to counseling cessation using little more than my “drugs are bad” speech. When I came across a recent review in Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, I recognized the opportunity to read and do better. This summary is based heavily on that review.

Spoiler alert: The data aren’t great. By federal law, marijuana has been illegal in the United States since 1970, so neither funding nor recruitment has come easy. There’s lots of observational data that depend on self-report and are confounded by cigarette use. A lack of regulation results in variations in composition and concentration. In summary, though, smoking marijuana is associated with changes to the bronchial tree and respiratory symptoms, similar to those seen with chronic bronchitis. These symptoms improve with cessation. 

The relationship between marijuana and airflow obstruction and lung function is complicated. A mix of contradictory data shows a reduction in the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first 1 second to the forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC), an increase in FVC, and changes in conductance. 

Biologic plausibility, essential to bolster causality but easy to manufacture, seems intuitive for the airway changes (decreased FEV₁/FVC and conductance). The increase in FVC, explained by either the anti-inflammatory properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the impact from deep inhalations typical of marijuana use, is more difficult to understand. Regardless, I came away from the review less confident about marijuana’s impact on lung structure and function. 

The Seminars review also explores marijuana’s association with lung cancer, emphysema, and other structural changes seen on CT of the chest. There’s certainly noise here but the data at present are underwhelming. 

This all speaks to the general misconception I’ve had, perhaps shared by others, that the well-defined effects on the lung from tobacco abuse can be extrapolated to marijuana. In the past, I’d even gone so far as to equate a pack-year (smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for a year) to a joint-year (smoking one joint per day for a year), a rather dramatic oversimplification. While both are attempts to quantify exposure, the latter connotes far less information. The content of a joint can vary considerably in ways that the content of cigarettes does not, and there have been no formal studies of the comparative impact on the lung. 

 

Final Thoughts

The nuance here matters for several reasons. Legalization means an increase in use and presumably more open reporting by patients. In a vacuum, it seems reasonable to council cessation to reduce symptoms and because additional harms can be assumed, given what we know about smoke inhalation in general. Will cessation drive patients to an increase in tobacco use where harm is better established? 

Given its mixed effects on lung function, is it worth spending behavior change capital, the most precious of patient commodities, on marijuana counseling? Marijuana has numerous effects outside the lung that haven’t been touched on here. How should those be incorporated into our guidance? Legalization and regulation provide the opportunity to obtain the better data that are sorely needed.

Aaron B. Holley, MD, is a professor of medicine at Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, and a pulmonary/sleep and critical care medicine physician at MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, DC. He has disclosed the relevant financial relationships with Metapharm, CHEST College, and WebMD.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), a tickborne disease commonly called “red meat allergy,” is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergy to the carbohydrate alpha-gal. The alpha-gal carbohydrate is found in most mammals, though it is not in humans, apes, or old-world monkeys. People with AGS can have allergic reactions when they consume mammalian meat, dairy products, or other products derived from mammals. People often live with this disease for years before receiving a correct diagnosis, greatly impacting their quality of life. The number of suspected cases is also rising. 

More than 110,000 suspected AGS cases were identified between 2010 and 2022, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report.¹ However, because the diagnosis requires a positive test and a clinical exam and some people may not get tested, as many as 450,000 people might be affected by AGS in the United States. Additionally, a CDC survey found that nearly half (42%) of US healthcare providers had never heard of AGS.² Among those who had, less than one third (29%) knew how to diagnose the condition. 

Here are 5 things clinicians need to know about AGS.

 

1. People can develop AGS after being bitten by a tick, primarily the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), in the United States.

In the United States, AGS is primarily associated with the bite of a lone star tick, but other kinds of ticks have not been ruled out. The majority of suspected AGS cases in the United States were reported in parts of Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia. The lone star tick is widely distributed with established populations in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

While AGS is associated with tick bites, more research is needed to understand the role ticks play in starting this condition, and why certain people develop AGS. Anyone can develop AGS, but most cases have been reported in adults. 

Know how to recognize the symptoms of AGS and be prepared to test, diagnose, and manage AGS, particularly in states where lone star ticks are found. 

 

2. Tick bites are only one risk factor for developing AGS. 

Many people are bitten by lone star ticks and will never develop AGS. Scientists are exploring the connection between other risk factors and developing AGS. A recent study has shown that people diagnosed with AGS may be more likely to have a family member who was also diagnosed with AGS, have another food allergy, have an allergy to stinging or biting insects, or have A or O blood types.³ 

Research has also shown that environmental risk factors could contribute to developing AGS,⁴ like living in an area with lone star ticks, remembering finding a tick on themselves, recalling multiple tick bites, living near a wooded forest, spending more time outside, or living in areas with deer, such as larger properties, wooded forests, and properties with shrubs and brush. 

Ask your patient questions about other allergies and history of recent tick bites or outdoor exposure to help determine if testing for AGS is appropriate.

 

3. Symptoms of AGS are consistently inconsistent.

There is a spectrum of how sensitive AGS patients are to alpha-gal, and reactions are often different from person to person, which can make it difficult to diagnose. The first allergic reaction to AGS typically occurs between 1-6 months after a tick bite. Symptoms commonly appear 2-6 hours after being in contact with products containing alpha-gal, like red meat (beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, or other meat from mammals), dairy, and some medications. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include hives or itchy rash; swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, or eyelids; gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; heartburn or indigestion; cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing; dizziness or a drop in blood pressure; or anaphylaxis.

Consider AGS if a patient reports waking up in the middle of the night with allergic symptoms after eating alpha-gal containing products for dinner, if allergic reactions are delayed, or if a patient has anaphylaxis of unknown cause, adult-onset allergy, or allergic symptoms and reports a recent tick bite. 

 

4. Diagnosing AGS requires a combination of a blood test and a physical exam.

Diagnosing AGS requires a detailed patient history, physical exam, and a blood test to detect specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific to alpha-gal (alpha-gal sIgE). Tests for alpha-gal sIgE antibodies are available at several large commercial laboratories and some academic institutions. Skin tests to identify reactions to allergens like pork or beef may also be used to inform AGS diagnosis. However, a positive alpha-gal sIgE test or skin test does not mean a person has AGS. Many people, particularly those who live in regions with lone star ticks, have positive alpha-gal specific IgE tests without having AGS. 

Consider the test results along with your patient’s symptoms and risk factors.

 

5. There is no treatment for AGS, but people can take prevention steps and AGS can be managed.

People can protect themselves and their family from AGS by preventing tick bites. Encourage your patients to use an Environmental Protection Agency–registered insect repellent outdoors, wear permethrin-treated clothing, and conduct thorough tick checks after outdoor activities. 

Once a person is no longer exposed to alpha-gal containing products, they should no longer experience symptoms. People with AGS should also proactively prevent tick bites. Tick bites can trigger or reactivate AGS.

For patients who have AGS, help manage their symptoms and identify alpha-gal containing products to avoid.

Dr. Kersh is Chief of the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.

CDC resources:

About Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Resources | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

References 

Thompson JM et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:815-820. 

Carpenter A et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:809-814. Taylor ML et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2024 Jun;132(6):759.e2-764.e2. Kersh GJ et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2023 Apr;130(4):472-478.

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), a tickborne disease commonly called “red meat allergy,” is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergy to the carbohydrate alpha-gal. The alpha-gal carbohydrate is found in most mammals, though it is not in humans, apes, or old-world monkeys. People with AGS can have allergic reactions when they consume mammalian meat, dairy products, or other products derived from mammals. People often live with this disease for years before receiving a correct diagnosis, greatly impacting their quality of life. The number of suspected cases is also rising. 

More than 110,000 suspected AGS cases were identified between 2010 and 2022, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report.¹ However, because the diagnosis requires a positive test and a clinical exam and some people may not get tested, as many as 450,000 people might be affected by AGS in the United States. Additionally, a CDC survey found that nearly half (42%) of US healthcare providers had never heard of AGS.² Among those who had, less than one third (29%) knew how to diagnose the condition. 

Here are 5 things clinicians need to know about AGS.

 

1. People can develop AGS after being bitten by a tick, primarily the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), in the United States.

In the United States, AGS is primarily associated with the bite of a lone star tick, but other kinds of ticks have not been ruled out. The majority of suspected AGS cases in the United States were reported in parts of Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia. The lone star tick is widely distributed with established populations in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

While AGS is associated with tick bites, more research is needed to understand the role ticks play in starting this condition, and why certain people develop AGS. Anyone can develop AGS, but most cases have been reported in adults. 

Know how to recognize the symptoms of AGS and be prepared to test, diagnose, and manage AGS, particularly in states where lone star ticks are found. 

 

2. Tick bites are only one risk factor for developing AGS. 

Many people are bitten by lone star ticks and will never develop AGS. Scientists are exploring the connection between other risk factors and developing AGS. A recent study has shown that people diagnosed with AGS may be more likely to have a family member who was also diagnosed with AGS, have another food allergy, have an allergy to stinging or biting insects, or have A or O blood types.³ 

Research has also shown that environmental risk factors could contribute to developing AGS,⁴ like living in an area with lone star ticks, remembering finding a tick on themselves, recalling multiple tick bites, living near a wooded forest, spending more time outside, or living in areas with deer, such as larger properties, wooded forests, and properties with shrubs and brush. 

Ask your patient questions about other allergies and history of recent tick bites or outdoor exposure to help determine if testing for AGS is appropriate.

 

3. Symptoms of AGS are consistently inconsistent.

There is a spectrum of how sensitive AGS patients are to alpha-gal, and reactions are often different from person to person, which can make it difficult to diagnose. The first allergic reaction to AGS typically occurs between 1-6 months after a tick bite. Symptoms commonly appear 2-6 hours after being in contact with products containing alpha-gal, like red meat (beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, or other meat from mammals), dairy, and some medications. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include hives or itchy rash; swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, or eyelids; gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; heartburn or indigestion; cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing; dizziness or a drop in blood pressure; or anaphylaxis.

Consider AGS if a patient reports waking up in the middle of the night with allergic symptoms after eating alpha-gal containing products for dinner, if allergic reactions are delayed, or if a patient has anaphylaxis of unknown cause, adult-onset allergy, or allergic symptoms and reports a recent tick bite. 

 

4. Diagnosing AGS requires a combination of a blood test and a physical exam.

Diagnosing AGS requires a detailed patient history, physical exam, and a blood test to detect specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific to alpha-gal (alpha-gal sIgE). Tests for alpha-gal sIgE antibodies are available at several large commercial laboratories and some academic institutions. Skin tests to identify reactions to allergens like pork or beef may also be used to inform AGS diagnosis. However, a positive alpha-gal sIgE test or skin test does not mean a person has AGS. Many people, particularly those who live in regions with lone star ticks, have positive alpha-gal specific IgE tests without having AGS. 

Consider the test results along with your patient’s symptoms and risk factors.

 

5. There is no treatment for AGS, but people can take prevention steps and AGS can be managed.

People can protect themselves and their family from AGS by preventing tick bites. Encourage your patients to use an Environmental Protection Agency–registered insect repellent outdoors, wear permethrin-treated clothing, and conduct thorough tick checks after outdoor activities. 

Once a person is no longer exposed to alpha-gal containing products, they should no longer experience symptoms. People with AGS should also proactively prevent tick bites. Tick bites can trigger or reactivate AGS.

For patients who have AGS, help manage their symptoms and identify alpha-gal containing products to avoid.

Dr. Kersh is Chief of the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.

CDC resources:

About Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Resources | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

References 

Thompson JM et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:815-820. 

Carpenter A et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:809-814. Taylor ML et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2024 Jun;132(6):759.e2-764.e2. Kersh GJ et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2023 Apr;130(4):472-478.

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), a tickborne disease commonly called “red meat allergy,” is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergy to the carbohydrate alpha-gal. The alpha-gal carbohydrate is found in most mammals, though it is not in humans, apes, or old-world monkeys. People with AGS can have allergic reactions when they consume mammalian meat, dairy products, or other products derived from mammals. People often live with this disease for years before receiving a correct diagnosis, greatly impacting their quality of life. The number of suspected cases is also rising. 

More than 110,000 suspected AGS cases were identified between 2010 and 2022, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report.¹ However, because the diagnosis requires a positive test and a clinical exam and some people may not get tested, as many as 450,000 people might be affected by AGS in the United States. Additionally, a CDC survey found that nearly half (42%) of US healthcare providers had never heard of AGS.² Among those who had, less than one third (29%) knew how to diagnose the condition. 

Here are 5 things clinicians need to know about AGS.

 

1. People can develop AGS after being bitten by a tick, primarily the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), in the United States.

In the United States, AGS is primarily associated with the bite of a lone star tick, but other kinds of ticks have not been ruled out. The majority of suspected AGS cases in the United States were reported in parts of Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia. The lone star tick is widely distributed with established populations in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

While AGS is associated with tick bites, more research is needed to understand the role ticks play in starting this condition, and why certain people develop AGS. Anyone can develop AGS, but most cases have been reported in adults. 

Know how to recognize the symptoms of AGS and be prepared to test, diagnose, and manage AGS, particularly in states where lone star ticks are found. 

 

2. Tick bites are only one risk factor for developing AGS. 

Many people are bitten by lone star ticks and will never develop AGS. Scientists are exploring the connection between other risk factors and developing AGS. A recent study has shown that people diagnosed with AGS may be more likely to have a family member who was also diagnosed with AGS, have another food allergy, have an allergy to stinging or biting insects, or have A or O blood types.³ 

Research has also shown that environmental risk factors could contribute to developing AGS,⁴ like living in an area with lone star ticks, remembering finding a tick on themselves, recalling multiple tick bites, living near a wooded forest, spending more time outside, or living in areas with deer, such as larger properties, wooded forests, and properties with shrubs and brush. 

Ask your patient questions about other allergies and history of recent tick bites or outdoor exposure to help determine if testing for AGS is appropriate.

 

3. Symptoms of AGS are consistently inconsistent.

There is a spectrum of how sensitive AGS patients are to alpha-gal, and reactions are often different from person to person, which can make it difficult to diagnose. The first allergic reaction to AGS typically occurs between 1-6 months after a tick bite. Symptoms commonly appear 2-6 hours after being in contact with products containing alpha-gal, like red meat (beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, or other meat from mammals), dairy, and some medications. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include hives or itchy rash; swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, or eyelids; gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; heartburn or indigestion; cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing; dizziness or a drop in blood pressure; or anaphylaxis.

Consider AGS if a patient reports waking up in the middle of the night with allergic symptoms after eating alpha-gal containing products for dinner, if allergic reactions are delayed, or if a patient has anaphylaxis of unknown cause, adult-onset allergy, or allergic symptoms and reports a recent tick bite. 

 

4. Diagnosing AGS requires a combination of a blood test and a physical exam.

Diagnosing AGS requires a detailed patient history, physical exam, and a blood test to detect specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific to alpha-gal (alpha-gal sIgE). Tests for alpha-gal sIgE antibodies are available at several large commercial laboratories and some academic institutions. Skin tests to identify reactions to allergens like pork or beef may also be used to inform AGS diagnosis. However, a positive alpha-gal sIgE test or skin test does not mean a person has AGS. Many people, particularly those who live in regions with lone star ticks, have positive alpha-gal specific IgE tests without having AGS. 

Consider the test results along with your patient’s symptoms and risk factors.

 

5. There is no treatment for AGS, but people can take prevention steps and AGS can be managed.

People can protect themselves and their family from AGS by preventing tick bites. Encourage your patients to use an Environmental Protection Agency–registered insect repellent outdoors, wear permethrin-treated clothing, and conduct thorough tick checks after outdoor activities. 

Once a person is no longer exposed to alpha-gal containing products, they should no longer experience symptoms. People with AGS should also proactively prevent tick bites. Tick bites can trigger or reactivate AGS.

For patients who have AGS, help manage their symptoms and identify alpha-gal containing products to avoid.

Dr. Kersh is Chief of the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.

CDC resources:

About Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

Clinical Resources | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC 

References 

Thompson JM et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:815-820. 

Carpenter A et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:809-814. Taylor ML et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2024 Jun;132(6):759.e2-764.e2. Kersh GJ et al. Ann Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 2023 Apr;130(4):472-478.