Pediatrics

A third consecutive week of declines in new COVID-19 cases among children has brought the weekly count down by 74% since the Omicron surge peaked in mid-January, based on data from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association.

There were just under 299,000 COVID-19 cases reported in children during the week of Feb. 4-10, down by nearly 53% from the previous week and by 74% from the peak of 1.15 million cases recorded for the week of Jan. 14-20, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report. They also noted that the weekly tally was still higher than anything seen during the Delta surge.

The total number of pediatric cases was over 12.3 million as of Feb. 10, with children representing 18.9% of cases in all ages, according to the AAP/CHA report. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention puts the two measures at 10.4 million and 17.3% on its COVID Data Tracker, based on availability of age data for 59.6 million total cases as of Feb. 14. The CDC also reported that 1,282 children have died from COVID-19 so far, which is about 0.17% of all deaths with age data available.

The AAP and CHA have been collecting data from state and territorial health departments, which have not always been consistently available over the course of the pandemic. Also, the CDC defines children as those under age 18 years, but that upper boundary varies from 14 to 20 among the states.

The decline of the Omicron variant also can be seen in new admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, which continued to drop. The 7-day average of 435 admissions per day for the week of Feb. 6-12 was less than half of the peak seen in mid-January, when it reached 914 per day. The daily admission rate on Feb. 12 was 0.60 per 100,000 children aged 0-17 years – again, less than half the peak rate of 1.25 reported on Jan. 16, CDC data show.

The fading threat of Omicron also seems to be reflected in recent vaccination trends. Both initial doses and completions declined for the fourth consecutive week (Feb. 3-9) among children aged 5-11 years, while initiations held steady for 12- to 17-year-olds but completions declined for the third straight week, the AAP said in its separate vaccination report, which is based on data from the CDC.

As of Feb. 14, almost 32% of children aged 5-11 – that’s almost 9.2 million individuals – had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and just over 24% (6.9 million) were fully vaccinated, the CDC reported. For children aged 12-17, the corresponding figures are 67% (16.9 million) and 57% (14.4 million). Newly available data from the CDC also indicate that 19.5% (2.8 million) of children aged 12-17 have received a booster dose.

A third consecutive week of declines in new COVID-19 cases among children has brought the weekly count down by 74% since the Omicron surge peaked in mid-January, based on data from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association.

There were just under 299,000 COVID-19 cases reported in children during the week of Feb. 4-10, down by nearly 53% from the previous week and by 74% from the peak of 1.15 million cases recorded for the week of Jan. 14-20, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report. They also noted that the weekly tally was still higher than anything seen during the Delta surge.

The total number of pediatric cases was over 12.3 million as of Feb. 10, with children representing 18.9% of cases in all ages, according to the AAP/CHA report. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention puts the two measures at 10.4 million and 17.3% on its COVID Data Tracker, based on availability of age data for 59.6 million total cases as of Feb. 14. The CDC also reported that 1,282 children have died from COVID-19 so far, which is about 0.17% of all deaths with age data available.

The AAP and CHA have been collecting data from state and territorial health departments, which have not always been consistently available over the course of the pandemic. Also, the CDC defines children as those under age 18 years, but that upper boundary varies from 14 to 20 among the states.

The decline of the Omicron variant also can be seen in new admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, which continued to drop. The 7-day average of 435 admissions per day for the week of Feb. 6-12 was less than half of the peak seen in mid-January, when it reached 914 per day. The daily admission rate on Feb. 12 was 0.60 per 100,000 children aged 0-17 years – again, less than half the peak rate of 1.25 reported on Jan. 16, CDC data show.

The fading threat of Omicron also seems to be reflected in recent vaccination trends. Both initial doses and completions declined for the fourth consecutive week (Feb. 3-9) among children aged 5-11 years, while initiations held steady for 12- to 17-year-olds but completions declined for the third straight week, the AAP said in its separate vaccination report, which is based on data from the CDC.

As of Feb. 14, almost 32% of children aged 5-11 – that’s almost 9.2 million individuals – had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and just over 24% (6.9 million) were fully vaccinated, the CDC reported. For children aged 12-17, the corresponding figures are 67% (16.9 million) and 57% (14.4 million). Newly available data from the CDC also indicate that 19.5% (2.8 million) of children aged 12-17 have received a booster dose.

A third consecutive week of declines in new COVID-19 cases among children has brought the weekly count down by 74% since the Omicron surge peaked in mid-January, based on data from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association.

There were just under 299,000 COVID-19 cases reported in children during the week of Feb. 4-10, down by nearly 53% from the previous week and by 74% from the peak of 1.15 million cases recorded for the week of Jan. 14-20, the AAP and CHA said in their weekly COVID report. They also noted that the weekly tally was still higher than anything seen during the Delta surge.

The total number of pediatric cases was over 12.3 million as of Feb. 10, with children representing 18.9% of cases in all ages, according to the AAP/CHA report. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention puts the two measures at 10.4 million and 17.3% on its COVID Data Tracker, based on availability of age data for 59.6 million total cases as of Feb. 14. The CDC also reported that 1,282 children have died from COVID-19 so far, which is about 0.17% of all deaths with age data available.

The AAP and CHA have been collecting data from state and territorial health departments, which have not always been consistently available over the course of the pandemic. Also, the CDC defines children as those under age 18 years, but that upper boundary varies from 14 to 20 among the states.

The decline of the Omicron variant also can be seen in new admissions of children with confirmed COVID-19, which continued to drop. The 7-day average of 435 admissions per day for the week of Feb. 6-12 was less than half of the peak seen in mid-January, when it reached 914 per day. The daily admission rate on Feb. 12 was 0.60 per 100,000 children aged 0-17 years – again, less than half the peak rate of 1.25 reported on Jan. 16, CDC data show.

The fading threat of Omicron also seems to be reflected in recent vaccination trends. Both initial doses and completions declined for the fourth consecutive week (Feb. 3-9) among children aged 5-11 years, while initiations held steady for 12- to 17-year-olds but completions declined for the third straight week, the AAP said in its separate vaccination report, which is based on data from the CDC.

As of Feb. 14, almost 32% of children aged 5-11 – that’s almost 9.2 million individuals – had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and just over 24% (6.9 million) were fully vaccinated, the CDC reported. For children aged 12-17, the corresponding figures are 67% (16.9 million) and 57% (14.4 million). Newly available data from the CDC also indicate that 19.5% (2.8 million) of children aged 12-17 have received a booster dose.

“Dr. Lilley, you’ll always be my favorite doctor; you helped me grow.”

These were the parting words from the last patient that I treated during my endocrinology fellowship. I had watched this young man grow from a prepubertal 17-year-old to a young man who had reached his predicted family height as I treated his delayed puberty caused by Kallmann syndrome, a problem that had been missed for years. It was the appropriate bookend for my chosen specialty.

Watching children grow and develop into who they were meant to be is one of my favorite things about endocrinology, as well as forming meaningful relationships with families. Treating detectable deficiencies in logical and measurable ways is also extremely satisfying.

Too little testosterone? That’s a problem I can solve. Too much thyroid hormone? There’s a blocker for that! Endocrinology can be a straightforward field, and when all goes well, everyone leaves happy.

Except when they don’t.
 

Gatekeepers for treatment for children’s growth

“Nice to meet you. We’re here to get growth hormone.”

“We’re here because his pediatrician made us come. We’ve already decided we’re not going to put hormones into his body.”

These are common statements I hear when I first meet new patients whose parents are concerned about their children’s growth. Pediatric endocrinologists, after all, are the usual gatekeepers for this treatment.

Growth hormone (GH) often makes the news for controversial reasons – most commonly for its abuse by elite athletes hoping to exploit its anabolic effects – causing parents to have varied opinions about its possible use in their children.

Some refuse endocrinology referrals at all owing to concerns that we will push daily injections on their children. Others demand referrals for their children of average height, hoping for every perceived advantage.

GH deficiency (GHD) – a condition where the pituitary gland fails to produce enough GH – can occur because of congenital pituitary malformations; anatomic, surgical, or traumatic interruptions to the gland; or enzyme deficiencies leading to faulty production.

GHD is just one reason for poor growth, however.

Growth is one of the most important indicators of health in children. A waning growth rate may be an early symptom of serious problems. In my clinic, I’ve diagnosed severe hypothyroidism in a marathon runner, a brain tumor, celiac disease in a teenager with no gastrointestinal complaints, autoimmune hepatitis, and several other diseases needing treatment in children who show no symptoms other than poor growth.
 

Barriers to normal growth

Sometimes, the die is cast for children to have barriers to normal growth. Several genetic conditions can lead to poor GH production or response, and GH treatment is often necessary to approximate normal height.

These may include:

• Turner syndrome (in females who are missing an X chromosome in whole or part) should be considered in every girl with abnormally short stature; mosaic forms of the condition may be subtle and lack classic features.
• Noonan syndrome is important to detect owing to the possibility of cardiac or renal malformations that may also occur in this condition, caused by a mutation in one of the genes in the RAS-MAPK pathway.
• Russell-Silver syndrome can cause intrauterine GH restriction and has been traced to uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 or duplications, mutations, or methylation defects in chromosome 11.
• Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, which is characterized by low muscle tone, hyperphagia, and hypogonadism, have demonstrated dramatic benefits from GH therapy, primarily in maintaining a normal body mass index.

Children who are small for their gestational age may be GH resistant, and those who do not catch up to their growth curve by the age of 2 years may require GH treatment to reach their height potential.

GH therapy isn’t entirely benign. Rare adverse effects of overtreatment can include slipped capital femoral epiphysis (a fracture to the growth plate) and pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension).

Overtreatment can cause acromegaly, which results in coarsened features and large hands and feet.
 

When is GH therapy warranted?

“Growth hormone therapy has been denied by her insurer. They want you to fill out an appeal.”

Insurance approval in the United States can be a herculean effort because GH is expensive: Out-of-pocket costs are prohibitive for most people without insurance assistance, ranging from $7,000 to $30,000 annually.

Pediatric endocrinologists aren’t in the business of cosmetic endocrinology. Treatment of idiopathic short stature has been controversial since this became an indication for GH treatment.

GH isn’t always necessary. Diagnosing the underlying cause for poor growth is the most important step.

Often, we find constitutional delay of growth and puberty, or “late bloomers.” This condition is characterized by a delayed bone age (growth plates more open than expected for age) and delayed pubertal onset. These children will often reach a normal height despite starting as some of the smallest of their peers.

However, GH plays other roles in the body than simply propelling height. Children with congenital GHD will require GH treatment to prevent hypoglycemia, especially in infancy.

GH is needed even in adults with fused growth plates for normal lipid metabolism, bone accrual, and maintaining normal muscle mass.

I have noticed marked improvements in muscle tone in many children with developmental delays who are treated with GH, and research supports cognitive benefits for certain populations.

The most common regimens for GH focus on treatment via subcutaneous injection nightly, when GH is naturally produced; sometimes, injections are given six nights out of seven to provide a break or for splitting time between households.

Newer once-weekly formulations have recently received approval, as reported by this news organization, and are coming into use.

Pediatric endocrinologists measure height and follow growth factors closely with visits every 3-6 months. GH levels are not useful outside of provocative diagnostic (stimulation) testing.

Insulinlike growth factor 1 or insulinlike growth factor binding protein levels are analyzed per Tanner stage of puberty to assess appropriate response and to make dose adjustments.

Annual standardized films of the left hand help predict progress and anticipated adult height. Treatment usually persists through puberty until growth plates are closed; if true GHD is noticed, much smaller doses are continued through adulthood.

Regardless, conversations about GH happen with your friendly local pediatric endocrinologist.

We are thrilled to help shepherd patients through their growing age to meet their potential. For more information about GH treatment for children, the MAGIC Foundation is the perfect place to start.

Dr. Lilley is director of the pediatric diabetes and lipid program, Mississippi Center for Advanced Medicine, Madison. She disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

“Dr. Lilley, you’ll always be my favorite doctor; you helped me grow.”

These were the parting words from the last patient that I treated during my endocrinology fellowship. I had watched this young man grow from a prepubertal 17-year-old to a young man who had reached his predicted family height as I treated his delayed puberty caused by Kallmann syndrome, a problem that had been missed for years. It was the appropriate bookend for my chosen specialty.

Watching children grow and develop into who they were meant to be is one of my favorite things about endocrinology, as well as forming meaningful relationships with families. Treating detectable deficiencies in logical and measurable ways is also extremely satisfying.

Too little testosterone? That’s a problem I can solve. Too much thyroid hormone? There’s a blocker for that! Endocrinology can be a straightforward field, and when all goes well, everyone leaves happy.

Except when they don’t.
 

Gatekeepers for treatment for children’s growth

“Nice to meet you. We’re here to get growth hormone.”

“We’re here because his pediatrician made us come. We’ve already decided we’re not going to put hormones into his body.”

These are common statements I hear when I first meet new patients whose parents are concerned about their children’s growth. Pediatric endocrinologists, after all, are the usual gatekeepers for this treatment.

Growth hormone (GH) often makes the news for controversial reasons – most commonly for its abuse by elite athletes hoping to exploit its anabolic effects – causing parents to have varied opinions about its possible use in their children.

Some refuse endocrinology referrals at all owing to concerns that we will push daily injections on their children. Others demand referrals for their children of average height, hoping for every perceived advantage.

GH deficiency (GHD) – a condition where the pituitary gland fails to produce enough GH – can occur because of congenital pituitary malformations; anatomic, surgical, or traumatic interruptions to the gland; or enzyme deficiencies leading to faulty production.

GHD is just one reason for poor growth, however.

Growth is one of the most important indicators of health in children. A waning growth rate may be an early symptom of serious problems. In my clinic, I’ve diagnosed severe hypothyroidism in a marathon runner, a brain tumor, celiac disease in a teenager with no gastrointestinal complaints, autoimmune hepatitis, and several other diseases needing treatment in children who show no symptoms other than poor growth.
 

Barriers to normal growth

Sometimes, the die is cast for children to have barriers to normal growth. Several genetic conditions can lead to poor GH production or response, and GH treatment is often necessary to approximate normal height.

These may include:

• Turner syndrome (in females who are missing an X chromosome in whole or part) should be considered in every girl with abnormally short stature; mosaic forms of the condition may be subtle and lack classic features.
• Noonan syndrome is important to detect owing to the possibility of cardiac or renal malformations that may also occur in this condition, caused by a mutation in one of the genes in the RAS-MAPK pathway.
• Russell-Silver syndrome can cause intrauterine GH restriction and has been traced to uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 or duplications, mutations, or methylation defects in chromosome 11.
• Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, which is characterized by low muscle tone, hyperphagia, and hypogonadism, have demonstrated dramatic benefits from GH therapy, primarily in maintaining a normal body mass index.

Children who are small for their gestational age may be GH resistant, and those who do not catch up to their growth curve by the age of 2 years may require GH treatment to reach their height potential.

GH therapy isn’t entirely benign. Rare adverse effects of overtreatment can include slipped capital femoral epiphysis (a fracture to the growth plate) and pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension).

Overtreatment can cause acromegaly, which results in coarsened features and large hands and feet.
 

When is GH therapy warranted?

“Growth hormone therapy has been denied by her insurer. They want you to fill out an appeal.”

Insurance approval in the United States can be a herculean effort because GH is expensive: Out-of-pocket costs are prohibitive for most people without insurance assistance, ranging from $7,000 to $30,000 annually.

Pediatric endocrinologists aren’t in the business of cosmetic endocrinology. Treatment of idiopathic short stature has been controversial since this became an indication for GH treatment.

GH isn’t always necessary. Diagnosing the underlying cause for poor growth is the most important step.

Often, we find constitutional delay of growth and puberty, or “late bloomers.” This condition is characterized by a delayed bone age (growth plates more open than expected for age) and delayed pubertal onset. These children will often reach a normal height despite starting as some of the smallest of their peers.

However, GH plays other roles in the body than simply propelling height. Children with congenital GHD will require GH treatment to prevent hypoglycemia, especially in infancy.

GH is needed even in adults with fused growth plates for normal lipid metabolism, bone accrual, and maintaining normal muscle mass.

I have noticed marked improvements in muscle tone in many children with developmental delays who are treated with GH, and research supports cognitive benefits for certain populations.

The most common regimens for GH focus on treatment via subcutaneous injection nightly, when GH is naturally produced; sometimes, injections are given six nights out of seven to provide a break or for splitting time between households.

Newer once-weekly formulations have recently received approval, as reported by this news organization, and are coming into use.

Pediatric endocrinologists measure height and follow growth factors closely with visits every 3-6 months. GH levels are not useful outside of provocative diagnostic (stimulation) testing.

Insulinlike growth factor 1 or insulinlike growth factor binding protein levels are analyzed per Tanner stage of puberty to assess appropriate response and to make dose adjustments.

Annual standardized films of the left hand help predict progress and anticipated adult height. Treatment usually persists through puberty until growth plates are closed; if true GHD is noticed, much smaller doses are continued through adulthood.

Regardless, conversations about GH happen with your friendly local pediatric endocrinologist.

We are thrilled to help shepherd patients through their growing age to meet their potential. For more information about GH treatment for children, the MAGIC Foundation is the perfect place to start.

Dr. Lilley is director of the pediatric diabetes and lipid program, Mississippi Center for Advanced Medicine, Madison. She disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

“Dr. Lilley, you’ll always be my favorite doctor; you helped me grow.”

These were the parting words from the last patient that I treated during my endocrinology fellowship. I had watched this young man grow from a prepubertal 17-year-old to a young man who had reached his predicted family height as I treated his delayed puberty caused by Kallmann syndrome, a problem that had been missed for years. It was the appropriate bookend for my chosen specialty.

Watching children grow and develop into who they were meant to be is one of my favorite things about endocrinology, as well as forming meaningful relationships with families. Treating detectable deficiencies in logical and measurable ways is also extremely satisfying.

Too little testosterone? That’s a problem I can solve. Too much thyroid hormone? There’s a blocker for that! Endocrinology can be a straightforward field, and when all goes well, everyone leaves happy.

Except when they don’t.
 

Gatekeepers for treatment for children’s growth

“Nice to meet you. We’re here to get growth hormone.”

“We’re here because his pediatrician made us come. We’ve already decided we’re not going to put hormones into his body.”

These are common statements I hear when I first meet new patients whose parents are concerned about their children’s growth. Pediatric endocrinologists, after all, are the usual gatekeepers for this treatment.

Growth hormone (GH) often makes the news for controversial reasons – most commonly for its abuse by elite athletes hoping to exploit its anabolic effects – causing parents to have varied opinions about its possible use in their children.

Some refuse endocrinology referrals at all owing to concerns that we will push daily injections on their children. Others demand referrals for their children of average height, hoping for every perceived advantage.

GH deficiency (GHD) – a condition where the pituitary gland fails to produce enough GH – can occur because of congenital pituitary malformations; anatomic, surgical, or traumatic interruptions to the gland; or enzyme deficiencies leading to faulty production.

GHD is just one reason for poor growth, however.

Growth is one of the most important indicators of health in children. A waning growth rate may be an early symptom of serious problems. In my clinic, I’ve diagnosed severe hypothyroidism in a marathon runner, a brain tumor, celiac disease in a teenager with no gastrointestinal complaints, autoimmune hepatitis, and several other diseases needing treatment in children who show no symptoms other than poor growth.
 

Barriers to normal growth

Sometimes, the die is cast for children to have barriers to normal growth. Several genetic conditions can lead to poor GH production or response, and GH treatment is often necessary to approximate normal height.

These may include:

• Turner syndrome (in females who are missing an X chromosome in whole or part) should be considered in every girl with abnormally short stature; mosaic forms of the condition may be subtle and lack classic features.
• Noonan syndrome is important to detect owing to the possibility of cardiac or renal malformations that may also occur in this condition, caused by a mutation in one of the genes in the RAS-MAPK pathway.
• Russell-Silver syndrome can cause intrauterine GH restriction and has been traced to uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 or duplications, mutations, or methylation defects in chromosome 11.
• Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, which is characterized by low muscle tone, hyperphagia, and hypogonadism, have demonstrated dramatic benefits from GH therapy, primarily in maintaining a normal body mass index.

Children who are small for their gestational age may be GH resistant, and those who do not catch up to their growth curve by the age of 2 years may require GH treatment to reach their height potential.

GH therapy isn’t entirely benign. Rare adverse effects of overtreatment can include slipped capital femoral epiphysis (a fracture to the growth plate) and pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension).

Overtreatment can cause acromegaly, which results in coarsened features and large hands and feet.
 

When is GH therapy warranted?

“Growth hormone therapy has been denied by her insurer. They want you to fill out an appeal.”

Insurance approval in the United States can be a herculean effort because GH is expensive: Out-of-pocket costs are prohibitive for most people without insurance assistance, ranging from $7,000 to $30,000 annually.

Pediatric endocrinologists aren’t in the business of cosmetic endocrinology. Treatment of idiopathic short stature has been controversial since this became an indication for GH treatment.

GH isn’t always necessary. Diagnosing the underlying cause for poor growth is the most important step.

Often, we find constitutional delay of growth and puberty, or “late bloomers.” This condition is characterized by a delayed bone age (growth plates more open than expected for age) and delayed pubertal onset. These children will often reach a normal height despite starting as some of the smallest of their peers.

However, GH plays other roles in the body than simply propelling height. Children with congenital GHD will require GH treatment to prevent hypoglycemia, especially in infancy.

GH is needed even in adults with fused growth plates for normal lipid metabolism, bone accrual, and maintaining normal muscle mass.

I have noticed marked improvements in muscle tone in many children with developmental delays who are treated with GH, and research supports cognitive benefits for certain populations.

The most common regimens for GH focus on treatment via subcutaneous injection nightly, when GH is naturally produced; sometimes, injections are given six nights out of seven to provide a break or for splitting time between households.

Newer once-weekly formulations have recently received approval, as reported by this news organization, and are coming into use.

Pediatric endocrinologists measure height and follow growth factors closely with visits every 3-6 months. GH levels are not useful outside of provocative diagnostic (stimulation) testing.

Insulinlike growth factor 1 or insulinlike growth factor binding protein levels are analyzed per Tanner stage of puberty to assess appropriate response and to make dose adjustments.

Annual standardized films of the left hand help predict progress and anticipated adult height. Treatment usually persists through puberty until growth plates are closed; if true GHD is noticed, much smaller doses are continued through adulthood.

Regardless, conversations about GH happen with your friendly local pediatric endocrinologist.

We are thrilled to help shepherd patients through their growing age to meet their potential. For more information about GH treatment for children, the MAGIC Foundation is the perfect place to start.

Dr. Lilley is director of the pediatric diabetes and lipid program, Mississippi Center for Advanced Medicine, Madison. She disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

A practice guideline update from the ENT community on tympanostomy tubes in children reaffirms that tube insertion should not be considered in cases of otitis media with effusion (OME) lasting less than 3 months, or in children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) without middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for the procedure.

New in the update from the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) is a strong recommendation for timely follow-up after surgery and recommendations against both routine use of prophylactic antibiotic ear drops after surgery and the initial use of long-term tubes except when there are specific reasons for doing so.

The update also expands the list of risk factors that place children with OME at increased risk of developmental difficulties – and often in need of timely ear tube placement – to include intellectual disability, learning disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

“Most of what we said in the 2013 [original] guideline was good and still valid ... and [important for] pediatricians, who are the key players” in managing otitis media, Jesse Hackell, MD, one of two general pediatricians who served on the Academy’s guideline update committee, said in an interview.

OME spontaneously clears up to 90% of the time within 3 months, said Dr. Hackell, of Pomona (New York) Pediatrics, and chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine.

The updated guideline, for children 6 months to 12 years, reaffirms a recommendation that tube insertion be offered to children with “bilateral OME for 3 months or longer AND documented hearing difficulties.”

It also reaffirms “options” (a lesser quality of evidence) that in the absence of hearing difficulties, surgery may be performed for children with chronic OME (3 months or longer) in one or both ears if 1) they are at increased risk of developmental difficulties from OME or 2) effusion is likely contributing to balance problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life.

Children with chronic OME who do not undergo surgery should be reevaluated at 3- to 6-month intervals and monitored until effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are detected, the update again recommends.

Tympanostomy tube placement is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States, the guideline authors say. In 2014, about 9% of children had undergone the surgery, they wrote, noting also that “tubes were placed in 25%-30% of children with frequent ear infections.”

Recurrent AOM

The AAO-HNSF guidance regarding tympanostomy tubes for OME is similar overall to management guidance issued by the AAP in its clinical practice guideline on OME.

The organizations differ, however, on their guidance for tube insertion for recurrent AOM. In its 2013 clinical practice guideline on AOM, the AAP recommends that clinicians may offer tube insertion for recurrent AOM, with no mention of the presence or absence of persistent fluid as a consideration.

According to the AAO-HNSF update, grade A evidence, including some research published since its original 2013 guideline, has shown little benefit to tube insertion in reducing the incidence of AOM in otherwise healthy children who don’t have middle ear effusion.

One study published in 2019 assessed outcomes after watchful waiting and found that only one-third of 123 children eventually went on to tympanostomy tube placement, noted Richard M. Rosenfeld, MD, distinguished professor and chairman of otolaryngology at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University in Brooklyn, N.Y., and lead author of the original and updated guidelines.

In practice, “the real question [for the ENT] is the future. If the ears are perfectly clear, will tubes really reduce the frequency of infections going forward?” Dr. Rosenfeld said in an interview. “All the evidence seems to say no, it doesn’t make much of a difference.”

Dr. Hackell said he’s confident that the question “is settled enough.” While there “could be stronger research and higher quality studies, the evidence is still pretty good to suggest you gain little to no benefit with tubes when you’re dealing with recurrent AOM without effusion,” he said.

Asked to comment on the ENT update and its guidance on tympanostomy tubes for children with recurrent AOM, an AAP spokesperson said the “issue is under review” and that the AAP did not currently have a statement.
 

At-risk children

The AAO-HNSF update renews a recommendation to evaluate children with either recurrent AOM or OME of any duration for increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from OME because of baseline factors (sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral).

When OME becomes chronic – or when a tympanogram gives a flat-line reading – OME is likely to persist, and families of at-risk children especially should be encouraged to pursue tube placement, Dr. Rosenfeld said.

Despite prior guidance to this effect, he said, ear tubes are being underutilized in at-risk children, with effusion being missed in primary care and with ENTs not expediting tube placement upon referral.

“These children have learning issues, cognitive issues, developmental issues,” he said in the interview. “It’s a population that does very poorly with ears full of fluid ... and despite guidance suggesting these children should be prioritized with tubes, it doesn’t seem to be happening enough.”

Formulating guidelines for at-risk children is challenging because they are often excluded from trials, Dr. Rosenfeld said, which limits evidence about the benefits of tubes and limits the strength of recommendations.

The addition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and learning disorder to the list of risk factors is notable, Dr. Hackell said. (The list includes autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and suspected or confirmed speech and language delay or disorder.)

“We know that kids with ADHD take in and process information a little differently ... it may be harder to get their attention with auditory stimulation,” he said. “So anything that would impact the taking in of information even for a short period of time increases their risk.”

Surgical practice

ENTs are advised in the new guidance to use long-term tubes and perioperative antibiotic ear drops more judiciously. “Long-term tubes have a role, but there are some doctors who routinely use them, even for a first-time surgery,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Overuse of long-term tubes results in a higher incidence of tympanic membrane perforation, chronic drainage, and other complications, as well as greater need for long-term follow-up. “There needs to be a reason – something to justify the need for prolonged ventilation,” he said.

Perioperative antibiotic ear drops are often administered during surgery and then prescribed routinely for all children afterward, but research has shown that saline irrigation during surgery and a single application of antibiotic/steroid drops is similarly efficacious in preventing otorrhea, the guideline says. Antibiotic ear drops are also “expensive,” noted Dr. Hackell. “There’s not enough benefit to justify it.”

The update also more explicitly advises selective use of adenoidectomy. A new option says that clinicians may perform the procedure as an adjunct to tube insertion for children 4 years or older to potentially reduce the future incidence of recurrent OME or the need for repeat surgery.

However, in younger children, it should not be offered unless there are symptoms directly related to adenoid infection or nasal obstruction. “Under 4 years, there’s no primary benefit for the ears,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Follow-up with the surgeon after tympanostomy tube insertion should occur within 3 months to assess outcomes and educate the family, the update strongly recommends.

And pediatricians should know, Dr. Hackell notes, that clinical evidence continues to show that earplugs and other water precautions are not routinely needed for children who have tubes in place. A good approach, the guideline says, is to “first avoid water precautions and instead reserve them for children with recurrent or persistent tympanostomy tube otorrhea.”

Asked to comment on the guideline update, Tim Joos, MD, MPH, who practices combined internal medicine/pediatrics in Seattle and is an editorial advisory board member of Pediatric News, noted the inclusion of patient information sheets with frequently asked questions – resources that can be useful for guiding parents through what’s often a shared decision-making process.

Neither Dr. Rosenfeld nor Dr. Hackell reported any disclosures. Other members of the guideline update committee reported various book royalties, consulting fees, and other disclosures. Dr. Joos reported he has no connections to the guideline authors.

A practice guideline update from the ENT community on tympanostomy tubes in children reaffirms that tube insertion should not be considered in cases of otitis media with effusion (OME) lasting less than 3 months, or in children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) without middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for the procedure.

New in the update from the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) is a strong recommendation for timely follow-up after surgery and recommendations against both routine use of prophylactic antibiotic ear drops after surgery and the initial use of long-term tubes except when there are specific reasons for doing so.

The update also expands the list of risk factors that place children with OME at increased risk of developmental difficulties – and often in need of timely ear tube placement – to include intellectual disability, learning disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

“Most of what we said in the 2013 [original] guideline was good and still valid ... and [important for] pediatricians, who are the key players” in managing otitis media, Jesse Hackell, MD, one of two general pediatricians who served on the Academy’s guideline update committee, said in an interview.

OME spontaneously clears up to 90% of the time within 3 months, said Dr. Hackell, of Pomona (New York) Pediatrics, and chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine.

The updated guideline, for children 6 months to 12 years, reaffirms a recommendation that tube insertion be offered to children with “bilateral OME for 3 months or longer AND documented hearing difficulties.”

It also reaffirms “options” (a lesser quality of evidence) that in the absence of hearing difficulties, surgery may be performed for children with chronic OME (3 months or longer) in one or both ears if 1) they are at increased risk of developmental difficulties from OME or 2) effusion is likely contributing to balance problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life.

Children with chronic OME who do not undergo surgery should be reevaluated at 3- to 6-month intervals and monitored until effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are detected, the update again recommends.

Tympanostomy tube placement is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States, the guideline authors say. In 2014, about 9% of children had undergone the surgery, they wrote, noting also that “tubes were placed in 25%-30% of children with frequent ear infections.”

Recurrent AOM

The AAO-HNSF guidance regarding tympanostomy tubes for OME is similar overall to management guidance issued by the AAP in its clinical practice guideline on OME.

The organizations differ, however, on their guidance for tube insertion for recurrent AOM. In its 2013 clinical practice guideline on AOM, the AAP recommends that clinicians may offer tube insertion for recurrent AOM, with no mention of the presence or absence of persistent fluid as a consideration.

According to the AAO-HNSF update, grade A evidence, including some research published since its original 2013 guideline, has shown little benefit to tube insertion in reducing the incidence of AOM in otherwise healthy children who don’t have middle ear effusion.

One study published in 2019 assessed outcomes after watchful waiting and found that only one-third of 123 children eventually went on to tympanostomy tube placement, noted Richard M. Rosenfeld, MD, distinguished professor and chairman of otolaryngology at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University in Brooklyn, N.Y., and lead author of the original and updated guidelines.

In practice, “the real question [for the ENT] is the future. If the ears are perfectly clear, will tubes really reduce the frequency of infections going forward?” Dr. Rosenfeld said in an interview. “All the evidence seems to say no, it doesn’t make much of a difference.”

Dr. Hackell said he’s confident that the question “is settled enough.” While there “could be stronger research and higher quality studies, the evidence is still pretty good to suggest you gain little to no benefit with tubes when you’re dealing with recurrent AOM without effusion,” he said.

Asked to comment on the ENT update and its guidance on tympanostomy tubes for children with recurrent AOM, an AAP spokesperson said the “issue is under review” and that the AAP did not currently have a statement.
 

At-risk children

The AAO-HNSF update renews a recommendation to evaluate children with either recurrent AOM or OME of any duration for increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from OME because of baseline factors (sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral).

When OME becomes chronic – or when a tympanogram gives a flat-line reading – OME is likely to persist, and families of at-risk children especially should be encouraged to pursue tube placement, Dr. Rosenfeld said.

Despite prior guidance to this effect, he said, ear tubes are being underutilized in at-risk children, with effusion being missed in primary care and with ENTs not expediting tube placement upon referral.

“These children have learning issues, cognitive issues, developmental issues,” he said in the interview. “It’s a population that does very poorly with ears full of fluid ... and despite guidance suggesting these children should be prioritized with tubes, it doesn’t seem to be happening enough.”

Formulating guidelines for at-risk children is challenging because they are often excluded from trials, Dr. Rosenfeld said, which limits evidence about the benefits of tubes and limits the strength of recommendations.

The addition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and learning disorder to the list of risk factors is notable, Dr. Hackell said. (The list includes autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and suspected or confirmed speech and language delay or disorder.)

“We know that kids with ADHD take in and process information a little differently ... it may be harder to get their attention with auditory stimulation,” he said. “So anything that would impact the taking in of information even for a short period of time increases their risk.”

Surgical practice

ENTs are advised in the new guidance to use long-term tubes and perioperative antibiotic ear drops more judiciously. “Long-term tubes have a role, but there are some doctors who routinely use them, even for a first-time surgery,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Overuse of long-term tubes results in a higher incidence of tympanic membrane perforation, chronic drainage, and other complications, as well as greater need for long-term follow-up. “There needs to be a reason – something to justify the need for prolonged ventilation,” he said.

Perioperative antibiotic ear drops are often administered during surgery and then prescribed routinely for all children afterward, but research has shown that saline irrigation during surgery and a single application of antibiotic/steroid drops is similarly efficacious in preventing otorrhea, the guideline says. Antibiotic ear drops are also “expensive,” noted Dr. Hackell. “There’s not enough benefit to justify it.”

The update also more explicitly advises selective use of adenoidectomy. A new option says that clinicians may perform the procedure as an adjunct to tube insertion for children 4 years or older to potentially reduce the future incidence of recurrent OME or the need for repeat surgery.

However, in younger children, it should not be offered unless there are symptoms directly related to adenoid infection or nasal obstruction. “Under 4 years, there’s no primary benefit for the ears,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Follow-up with the surgeon after tympanostomy tube insertion should occur within 3 months to assess outcomes and educate the family, the update strongly recommends.

And pediatricians should know, Dr. Hackell notes, that clinical evidence continues to show that earplugs and other water precautions are not routinely needed for children who have tubes in place. A good approach, the guideline says, is to “first avoid water precautions and instead reserve them for children with recurrent or persistent tympanostomy tube otorrhea.”

Asked to comment on the guideline update, Tim Joos, MD, MPH, who practices combined internal medicine/pediatrics in Seattle and is an editorial advisory board member of Pediatric News, noted the inclusion of patient information sheets with frequently asked questions – resources that can be useful for guiding parents through what’s often a shared decision-making process.

Neither Dr. Rosenfeld nor Dr. Hackell reported any disclosures. Other members of the guideline update committee reported various book royalties, consulting fees, and other disclosures. Dr. Joos reported he has no connections to the guideline authors.

A practice guideline update from the ENT community on tympanostomy tubes in children reaffirms that tube insertion should not be considered in cases of otitis media with effusion (OME) lasting less than 3 months, or in children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) without middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for the procedure.

New in the update from the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) is a strong recommendation for timely follow-up after surgery and recommendations against both routine use of prophylactic antibiotic ear drops after surgery and the initial use of long-term tubes except when there are specific reasons for doing so.

The update also expands the list of risk factors that place children with OME at increased risk of developmental difficulties – and often in need of timely ear tube placement – to include intellectual disability, learning disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

“Most of what we said in the 2013 [original] guideline was good and still valid ... and [important for] pediatricians, who are the key players” in managing otitis media, Jesse Hackell, MD, one of two general pediatricians who served on the Academy’s guideline update committee, said in an interview.

OME spontaneously clears up to 90% of the time within 3 months, said Dr. Hackell, of Pomona (New York) Pediatrics, and chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine.

The updated guideline, for children 6 months to 12 years, reaffirms a recommendation that tube insertion be offered to children with “bilateral OME for 3 months or longer AND documented hearing difficulties.”

It also reaffirms “options” (a lesser quality of evidence) that in the absence of hearing difficulties, surgery may be performed for children with chronic OME (3 months or longer) in one or both ears if 1) they are at increased risk of developmental difficulties from OME or 2) effusion is likely contributing to balance problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life.

Children with chronic OME who do not undergo surgery should be reevaluated at 3- to 6-month intervals and monitored until effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are detected, the update again recommends.

Tympanostomy tube placement is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States, the guideline authors say. In 2014, about 9% of children had undergone the surgery, they wrote, noting also that “tubes were placed in 25%-30% of children with frequent ear infections.”

Recurrent AOM

The AAO-HNSF guidance regarding tympanostomy tubes for OME is similar overall to management guidance issued by the AAP in its clinical practice guideline on OME.

The organizations differ, however, on their guidance for tube insertion for recurrent AOM. In its 2013 clinical practice guideline on AOM, the AAP recommends that clinicians may offer tube insertion for recurrent AOM, with no mention of the presence or absence of persistent fluid as a consideration.

According to the AAO-HNSF update, grade A evidence, including some research published since its original 2013 guideline, has shown little benefit to tube insertion in reducing the incidence of AOM in otherwise healthy children who don’t have middle ear effusion.

One study published in 2019 assessed outcomes after watchful waiting and found that only one-third of 123 children eventually went on to tympanostomy tube placement, noted Richard M. Rosenfeld, MD, distinguished professor and chairman of otolaryngology at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University in Brooklyn, N.Y., and lead author of the original and updated guidelines.

In practice, “the real question [for the ENT] is the future. If the ears are perfectly clear, will tubes really reduce the frequency of infections going forward?” Dr. Rosenfeld said in an interview. “All the evidence seems to say no, it doesn’t make much of a difference.”

Dr. Hackell said he’s confident that the question “is settled enough.” While there “could be stronger research and higher quality studies, the evidence is still pretty good to suggest you gain little to no benefit with tubes when you’re dealing with recurrent AOM without effusion,” he said.

Asked to comment on the ENT update and its guidance on tympanostomy tubes for children with recurrent AOM, an AAP spokesperson said the “issue is under review” and that the AAP did not currently have a statement.
 

At-risk children

The AAO-HNSF update renews a recommendation to evaluate children with either recurrent AOM or OME of any duration for increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from OME because of baseline factors (sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral).

When OME becomes chronic – or when a tympanogram gives a flat-line reading – OME is likely to persist, and families of at-risk children especially should be encouraged to pursue tube placement, Dr. Rosenfeld said.

Despite prior guidance to this effect, he said, ear tubes are being underutilized in at-risk children, with effusion being missed in primary care and with ENTs not expediting tube placement upon referral.

“These children have learning issues, cognitive issues, developmental issues,” he said in the interview. “It’s a population that does very poorly with ears full of fluid ... and despite guidance suggesting these children should be prioritized with tubes, it doesn’t seem to be happening enough.”

Formulating guidelines for at-risk children is challenging because they are often excluded from trials, Dr. Rosenfeld said, which limits evidence about the benefits of tubes and limits the strength of recommendations.

The addition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and learning disorder to the list of risk factors is notable, Dr. Hackell said. (The list includes autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and suspected or confirmed speech and language delay or disorder.)

“We know that kids with ADHD take in and process information a little differently ... it may be harder to get their attention with auditory stimulation,” he said. “So anything that would impact the taking in of information even for a short period of time increases their risk.”

Surgical practice

ENTs are advised in the new guidance to use long-term tubes and perioperative antibiotic ear drops more judiciously. “Long-term tubes have a role, but there are some doctors who routinely use them, even for a first-time surgery,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Overuse of long-term tubes results in a higher incidence of tympanic membrane perforation, chronic drainage, and other complications, as well as greater need for long-term follow-up. “There needs to be a reason – something to justify the need for prolonged ventilation,” he said.

Perioperative antibiotic ear drops are often administered during surgery and then prescribed routinely for all children afterward, but research has shown that saline irrigation during surgery and a single application of antibiotic/steroid drops is similarly efficacious in preventing otorrhea, the guideline says. Antibiotic ear drops are also “expensive,” noted Dr. Hackell. “There’s not enough benefit to justify it.”

The update also more explicitly advises selective use of adenoidectomy. A new option says that clinicians may perform the procedure as an adjunct to tube insertion for children 4 years or older to potentially reduce the future incidence of recurrent OME or the need for repeat surgery.

However, in younger children, it should not be offered unless there are symptoms directly related to adenoid infection or nasal obstruction. “Under 4 years, there’s no primary benefit for the ears,” said Dr. Rosenfeld.

Follow-up with the surgeon after tympanostomy tube insertion should occur within 3 months to assess outcomes and educate the family, the update strongly recommends.

And pediatricians should know, Dr. Hackell notes, that clinical evidence continues to show that earplugs and other water precautions are not routinely needed for children who have tubes in place. A good approach, the guideline says, is to “first avoid water precautions and instead reserve them for children with recurrent or persistent tympanostomy tube otorrhea.”

Asked to comment on the guideline update, Tim Joos, MD, MPH, who practices combined internal medicine/pediatrics in Seattle and is an editorial advisory board member of Pediatric News, noted the inclusion of patient information sheets with frequently asked questions – resources that can be useful for guiding parents through what’s often a shared decision-making process.

Neither Dr. Rosenfeld nor Dr. Hackell reported any disclosures. Other members of the guideline update committee reported various book royalties, consulting fees, and other disclosures. Dr. Joos reported he has no connections to the guideline authors.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is common in girls with type 2 diabetes, findings of a new study suggest, and authors say screening for PCOS is critical in this group.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis involving 470 girls (average age 12.9-16.1 years) with type 2 diabetes in six studies, the prevalence of PCOS was nearly 1 in 5 (19.58%; 95% confidence interval, 12.02%-27.14%; P = .002), substantially higher than that of PCOS in the general adolescent population.

PCOS, a complex endocrine disorder, occurs in 1.14%-11.04% of adolescent girls globally, according to the paper published online in JAMA Network Open.

The secondary outcome studied links to prevalence of PCOS with race and obesity.

Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are present in 44%-70% of women with PCOS, suggesting that they are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, according to the researchers led by Milena Cioana, BHSc, with the department of pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

Kelly A. Curran, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City, where she practices adolescent medicine, said in an interview that it has been known that women with PCOS have higher rates of diabetes and many in the field have suspected the relationship is bidirectional.

“In my clinical practice, I’ve seen a high percentage of women with type 2 diabetes present with irregular menses, some of whom have gone on to be diagnosed with PCOS,” said Dr. Curran, who was not involved with the study.

However, she said, she was surprised the prevalence of PCOS reported in this paper – nearly one in five – was so high. Early diagnosis is important for PCOS to prevent complications such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia.

Psychiatric conditions are also prevalent in patients with PCOS, including anxiety (18%), depression (16%), and ADHD (9%).

Dr. Curran agreed there is a need to screen for PCOS and to evaluate for other causes of irregular periods in patients with type 2 diabetes.

“Menstrual irregularities are often overlooked in young women without further work-up, especially in patients who have chronic illnesses,” she noted.
 

Results come with a caveat

However, the authors said, results should be viewed with caution because “studies including the larger numbers of girls did not report the criteria used to diagnose PCOS, which is a challenge during adolescence.”

Diagnostic criteria for PCOS during adolescence include the combination of menstrual irregularities according to time since their first period and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism after excluding other potential causes.

Dr. Curran explained that PCOS symptoms include irregular periods and acne which can overlap with normal changes in puberty. In her experience, PCOS is often diagnosed without patients meeting full criteria. She agreed further research with standardized criteria is urgently needed.

The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society of Reproductive Medicine, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology guidelines suggest that using ultrasound to check the size of ovaries could help diagnose PCOS, but other guidelines are more conservative, the authors noted.

They added that “there is a need for a consensus to establish the pediatric criteria for diagnosing PCOS in adolescents to ensure accurate diagnosis and lower the misclassification rates.”
 

Assessing links to obesity and race

Still unclear, the authors wrote, is whether and how obesity and race affect prevalence of PCOS among girls with type 2 diabetes.

The authors wrote: “Although earlier studies suggested that obesity-related insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can contribute to PCOS pathogenesis, insulin resistance in patients with PCOS may be present independently of [body mass index]. Obesity seems to increase the risk of PCOS only slightly and might represent a referral bias for PCOS.”

Few studies included in the meta-analysis had race-specific data, so the authors were limited in assessing associations between race and PCOS prevalence.

“However,” they wrote, “our data demonstrate that Indian girls had the highest prevalence, followed by White girls, and then Indigenous girls in Canada.”

Further studies are needed to help define at-risk subgroups and evaluate treatment strategies, the authors noted.

They reported having no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Curran had no conflicts of interest.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is common in girls with type 2 diabetes, findings of a new study suggest, and authors say screening for PCOS is critical in this group.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis involving 470 girls (average age 12.9-16.1 years) with type 2 diabetes in six studies, the prevalence of PCOS was nearly 1 in 5 (19.58%; 95% confidence interval, 12.02%-27.14%; P = .002), substantially higher than that of PCOS in the general adolescent population.

PCOS, a complex endocrine disorder, occurs in 1.14%-11.04% of adolescent girls globally, according to the paper published online in JAMA Network Open.

The secondary outcome studied links to prevalence of PCOS with race and obesity.

Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are present in 44%-70% of women with PCOS, suggesting that they are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, according to the researchers led by Milena Cioana, BHSc, with the department of pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

Kelly A. Curran, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City, where she practices adolescent medicine, said in an interview that it has been known that women with PCOS have higher rates of diabetes and many in the field have suspected the relationship is bidirectional.

“In my clinical practice, I’ve seen a high percentage of women with type 2 diabetes present with irregular menses, some of whom have gone on to be diagnosed with PCOS,” said Dr. Curran, who was not involved with the study.

However, she said, she was surprised the prevalence of PCOS reported in this paper – nearly one in five – was so high. Early diagnosis is important for PCOS to prevent complications such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia.

Psychiatric conditions are also prevalent in patients with PCOS, including anxiety (18%), depression (16%), and ADHD (9%).

Dr. Curran agreed there is a need to screen for PCOS and to evaluate for other causes of irregular periods in patients with type 2 diabetes.

“Menstrual irregularities are often overlooked in young women without further work-up, especially in patients who have chronic illnesses,” she noted.
 

Results come with a caveat

However, the authors said, results should be viewed with caution because “studies including the larger numbers of girls did not report the criteria used to diagnose PCOS, which is a challenge during adolescence.”

Diagnostic criteria for PCOS during adolescence include the combination of menstrual irregularities according to time since their first period and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism after excluding other potential causes.

Dr. Curran explained that PCOS symptoms include irregular periods and acne which can overlap with normal changes in puberty. In her experience, PCOS is often diagnosed without patients meeting full criteria. She agreed further research with standardized criteria is urgently needed.

The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society of Reproductive Medicine, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology guidelines suggest that using ultrasound to check the size of ovaries could help diagnose PCOS, but other guidelines are more conservative, the authors noted.

They added that “there is a need for a consensus to establish the pediatric criteria for diagnosing PCOS in adolescents to ensure accurate diagnosis and lower the misclassification rates.”
 

Assessing links to obesity and race

Still unclear, the authors wrote, is whether and how obesity and race affect prevalence of PCOS among girls with type 2 diabetes.

The authors wrote: “Although earlier studies suggested that obesity-related insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can contribute to PCOS pathogenesis, insulin resistance in patients with PCOS may be present independently of [body mass index]. Obesity seems to increase the risk of PCOS only slightly and might represent a referral bias for PCOS.”

Few studies included in the meta-analysis had race-specific data, so the authors were limited in assessing associations between race and PCOS prevalence.

“However,” they wrote, “our data demonstrate that Indian girls had the highest prevalence, followed by White girls, and then Indigenous girls in Canada.”

Further studies are needed to help define at-risk subgroups and evaluate treatment strategies, the authors noted.

They reported having no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Curran had no conflicts of interest.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is common in girls with type 2 diabetes, findings of a new study suggest, and authors say screening for PCOS is critical in this group.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis involving 470 girls (average age 12.9-16.1 years) with type 2 diabetes in six studies, the prevalence of PCOS was nearly 1 in 5 (19.58%; 95% confidence interval, 12.02%-27.14%; P = .002), substantially higher than that of PCOS in the general adolescent population.

PCOS, a complex endocrine disorder, occurs in 1.14%-11.04% of adolescent girls globally, according to the paper published online in JAMA Network Open.

The secondary outcome studied links to prevalence of PCOS with race and obesity.

Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are present in 44%-70% of women with PCOS, suggesting that they are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, according to the researchers led by Milena Cioana, BHSc, with the department of pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

Kelly A. Curran, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City, where she practices adolescent medicine, said in an interview that it has been known that women with PCOS have higher rates of diabetes and many in the field have suspected the relationship is bidirectional.

“In my clinical practice, I’ve seen a high percentage of women with type 2 diabetes present with irregular menses, some of whom have gone on to be diagnosed with PCOS,” said Dr. Curran, who was not involved with the study.

However, she said, she was surprised the prevalence of PCOS reported in this paper – nearly one in five – was so high. Early diagnosis is important for PCOS to prevent complications such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia.

Psychiatric conditions are also prevalent in patients with PCOS, including anxiety (18%), depression (16%), and ADHD (9%).

Dr. Curran agreed there is a need to screen for PCOS and to evaluate for other causes of irregular periods in patients with type 2 diabetes.

“Menstrual irregularities are often overlooked in young women without further work-up, especially in patients who have chronic illnesses,” she noted.
 

Results come with a caveat

However, the authors said, results should be viewed with caution because “studies including the larger numbers of girls did not report the criteria used to diagnose PCOS, which is a challenge during adolescence.”

Diagnostic criteria for PCOS during adolescence include the combination of menstrual irregularities according to time since their first period and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism after excluding other potential causes.

Dr. Curran explained that PCOS symptoms include irregular periods and acne which can overlap with normal changes in puberty. In her experience, PCOS is often diagnosed without patients meeting full criteria. She agreed further research with standardized criteria is urgently needed.

The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society of Reproductive Medicine, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology guidelines suggest that using ultrasound to check the size of ovaries could help diagnose PCOS, but other guidelines are more conservative, the authors noted.

They added that “there is a need for a consensus to establish the pediatric criteria for diagnosing PCOS in adolescents to ensure accurate diagnosis and lower the misclassification rates.”
 

Assessing links to obesity and race

Still unclear, the authors wrote, is whether and how obesity and race affect prevalence of PCOS among girls with type 2 diabetes.

The authors wrote: “Although earlier studies suggested that obesity-related insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can contribute to PCOS pathogenesis, insulin resistance in patients with PCOS may be present independently of [body mass index]. Obesity seems to increase the risk of PCOS only slightly and might represent a referral bias for PCOS.”

Few studies included in the meta-analysis had race-specific data, so the authors were limited in assessing associations between race and PCOS prevalence.

“However,” they wrote, “our data demonstrate that Indian girls had the highest prevalence, followed by White girls, and then Indigenous girls in Canada.”

Further studies are needed to help define at-risk subgroups and evaluate treatment strategies, the authors noted.

They reported having no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Curran had no conflicts of interest.

In December 2021, 26 medical students at Florida State University (FSU) waltzed into the FSU Child Care and Early Learning Center loaded with armfuls of plushy, cute teddy bears. For the first time in several years, the Pediatric Interest Group opened the doors to their teddy bear clinic – an annual event that gives students an opportunity to practice their leadership skills while also helping to demystify trips to the doctor for the young participants.

At the clinic, children aged 2-4 emulate basic medical practices on their fuzzy patients under the guidance of the students.

Teddy bear clinics were started by FSU’s College of Medicine Family Medicine Interest Group in 2018, but it slowed to a halt until second-year medical student Taylor Posey approached the Pediatric Interest Group during her tenure as the group’s president about reinstating a similar program. At FSU, interest groups allow students who are not quite sure which field of medicine they’d like to pursue to gain experience in any they have interest in.

“Pediatrics is the reason I wanted to go to medical school,” Ms. Posey told this news organization. “So it was great that working on this project really solidified the thought that I did the right thing. It’s great to watch the volunteers and children interact together.”

The clinic divides the children into three groups: 2-year-old toddlers, 3-year-old “tweens,” and 4-year-old pre-K children.

The toddlers paint white handprints on black construction paper to “create” x-rays and learn about them. The tweens are given medical equipment such as paper stethoscopes, thermometers, Band Aids, cotton balls, and Q-Tips to put into their very own doctor bags, which are really just folders with the emblematic red plus sign sticker attached to the front. The Pre-K kids are tasked with giving their teddy bears medical exams under the watchful eye of the medical students. Together, they examine the teddy bear’s eyes, heart, and lungs.

“There’s growing research out there that says medical play – which can be defined as children playing as if they were the parents of the teddy bear, learning about a diagnosis, and treating it – decreases the anxiety in children when they go to visit a doctor. Having real medical equipment that the children can manipulate as opposed to plastic toys really makes a big difference,” Ms. Posey said.

One of Ms. Posey’s peers worked with her to create developmentally appropriate activities for the children. Ms. Posey said that some of the ideas for the clinic came from Pinterest boards.

“The planning of it worked really well. I was expecting things to fall through, but they didn’t,” Ms. Posey said. “It can be tough working with young children and trying to do activities with them so that you’re not doing too much but also not having too low of expectations.”

“It was really a massive success on all fronts,” said Mary P. Norton, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics and faculty Pediatric Interest Group advisor for the clinic. “The ability to be in the community and get hands-on experience has been really cut down by the pandemic, and this allowed for our students to be able to go out in person and apply what they learned in the classroom with the age group they want to work with, which is fantastic.”

Perhaps the most impactful aspect of the clinic is its ability to help ease children’s fears about visits to the doctor. “We want to allow children to have a voice and give them a space to be a part of their treatment plan,” Dr. Norton said. “We want to say, ‘Your voice matters, you’re not a passive being,’ so that they’re a part of that relationship and show them that their experience is important. We hope these clinics aid in forming a partnership between parents, children, and doctors.”

Currently, the Pediatric Interest Group is hoping to have an annual teddy bear clinic. In the future, they hope to increase it to one a semester.

“These registered student organizations are 100% student run – student ideas, student volunteers, connections, and partnerships,” Dr. Norton said. “This clinic was all Taylor and all of the students. I can’t say how proud she is [to be] taking the time out of her busy medical student schedule to organize this for herself, her peers, and for these children.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In December 2021, 26 medical students at Florida State University (FSU) waltzed into the FSU Child Care and Early Learning Center loaded with armfuls of plushy, cute teddy bears. For the first time in several years, the Pediatric Interest Group opened the doors to their teddy bear clinic – an annual event that gives students an opportunity to practice their leadership skills while also helping to demystify trips to the doctor for the young participants.

At the clinic, children aged 2-4 emulate basic medical practices on their fuzzy patients under the guidance of the students.

Teddy bear clinics were started by FSU’s College of Medicine Family Medicine Interest Group in 2018, but it slowed to a halt until second-year medical student Taylor Posey approached the Pediatric Interest Group during her tenure as the group’s president about reinstating a similar program. At FSU, interest groups allow students who are not quite sure which field of medicine they’d like to pursue to gain experience in any they have interest in.

“Pediatrics is the reason I wanted to go to medical school,” Ms. Posey told this news organization. “So it was great that working on this project really solidified the thought that I did the right thing. It’s great to watch the volunteers and children interact together.”

The clinic divides the children into three groups: 2-year-old toddlers, 3-year-old “tweens,” and 4-year-old pre-K children.

The toddlers paint white handprints on black construction paper to “create” x-rays and learn about them. The tweens are given medical equipment such as paper stethoscopes, thermometers, Band Aids, cotton balls, and Q-Tips to put into their very own doctor bags, which are really just folders with the emblematic red plus sign sticker attached to the front. The Pre-K kids are tasked with giving their teddy bears medical exams under the watchful eye of the medical students. Together, they examine the teddy bear’s eyes, heart, and lungs.

“There’s growing research out there that says medical play – which can be defined as children playing as if they were the parents of the teddy bear, learning about a diagnosis, and treating it – decreases the anxiety in children when they go to visit a doctor. Having real medical equipment that the children can manipulate as opposed to plastic toys really makes a big difference,” Ms. Posey said.

One of Ms. Posey’s peers worked with her to create developmentally appropriate activities for the children. Ms. Posey said that some of the ideas for the clinic came from Pinterest boards.

“The planning of it worked really well. I was expecting things to fall through, but they didn’t,” Ms. Posey said. “It can be tough working with young children and trying to do activities with them so that you’re not doing too much but also not having too low of expectations.”

“It was really a massive success on all fronts,” said Mary P. Norton, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics and faculty Pediatric Interest Group advisor for the clinic. “The ability to be in the community and get hands-on experience has been really cut down by the pandemic, and this allowed for our students to be able to go out in person and apply what they learned in the classroom with the age group they want to work with, which is fantastic.”

Perhaps the most impactful aspect of the clinic is its ability to help ease children’s fears about visits to the doctor. “We want to allow children to have a voice and give them a space to be a part of their treatment plan,” Dr. Norton said. “We want to say, ‘Your voice matters, you’re not a passive being,’ so that they’re a part of that relationship and show them that their experience is important. We hope these clinics aid in forming a partnership between parents, children, and doctors.”

Currently, the Pediatric Interest Group is hoping to have an annual teddy bear clinic. In the future, they hope to increase it to one a semester.

“These registered student organizations are 100% student run – student ideas, student volunteers, connections, and partnerships,” Dr. Norton said. “This clinic was all Taylor and all of the students. I can’t say how proud she is [to be] taking the time out of her busy medical student schedule to organize this for herself, her peers, and for these children.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In December 2021, 26 medical students at Florida State University (FSU) waltzed into the FSU Child Care and Early Learning Center loaded with armfuls of plushy, cute teddy bears. For the first time in several years, the Pediatric Interest Group opened the doors to their teddy bear clinic – an annual event that gives students an opportunity to practice their leadership skills while also helping to demystify trips to the doctor for the young participants.

At the clinic, children aged 2-4 emulate basic medical practices on their fuzzy patients under the guidance of the students.

Teddy bear clinics were started by FSU’s College of Medicine Family Medicine Interest Group in 2018, but it slowed to a halt until second-year medical student Taylor Posey approached the Pediatric Interest Group during her tenure as the group’s president about reinstating a similar program. At FSU, interest groups allow students who are not quite sure which field of medicine they’d like to pursue to gain experience in any they have interest in.

“Pediatrics is the reason I wanted to go to medical school,” Ms. Posey told this news organization. “So it was great that working on this project really solidified the thought that I did the right thing. It’s great to watch the volunteers and children interact together.”

The clinic divides the children into three groups: 2-year-old toddlers, 3-year-old “tweens,” and 4-year-old pre-K children.

The toddlers paint white handprints on black construction paper to “create” x-rays and learn about them. The tweens are given medical equipment such as paper stethoscopes, thermometers, Band Aids, cotton balls, and Q-Tips to put into their very own doctor bags, which are really just folders with the emblematic red plus sign sticker attached to the front. The Pre-K kids are tasked with giving their teddy bears medical exams under the watchful eye of the medical students. Together, they examine the teddy bear’s eyes, heart, and lungs.

“There’s growing research out there that says medical play – which can be defined as children playing as if they were the parents of the teddy bear, learning about a diagnosis, and treating it – decreases the anxiety in children when they go to visit a doctor. Having real medical equipment that the children can manipulate as opposed to plastic toys really makes a big difference,” Ms. Posey said.

One of Ms. Posey’s peers worked with her to create developmentally appropriate activities for the children. Ms. Posey said that some of the ideas for the clinic came from Pinterest boards.

“The planning of it worked really well. I was expecting things to fall through, but they didn’t,” Ms. Posey said. “It can be tough working with young children and trying to do activities with them so that you’re not doing too much but also not having too low of expectations.”

“It was really a massive success on all fronts,” said Mary P. Norton, MD, an assistant professor of pediatrics and faculty Pediatric Interest Group advisor for the clinic. “The ability to be in the community and get hands-on experience has been really cut down by the pandemic, and this allowed for our students to be able to go out in person and apply what they learned in the classroom with the age group they want to work with, which is fantastic.”

Perhaps the most impactful aspect of the clinic is its ability to help ease children’s fears about visits to the doctor. “We want to allow children to have a voice and give them a space to be a part of their treatment plan,” Dr. Norton said. “We want to say, ‘Your voice matters, you’re not a passive being,’ so that they’re a part of that relationship and show them that their experience is important. We hope these clinics aid in forming a partnership between parents, children, and doctors.”

Currently, the Pediatric Interest Group is hoping to have an annual teddy bear clinic. In the future, they hope to increase it to one a semester.

“These registered student organizations are 100% student run – student ideas, student volunteers, connections, and partnerships,” Dr. Norton said. “This clinic was all Taylor and all of the students. I can’t say how proud she is [to be] taking the time out of her busy medical student schedule to organize this for herself, her peers, and for these children.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Twenty years ago, the dilemma in treating acute otitis media (AOM) was which among 10-plus antibiotics to prescribe. A recent column discussed the evolving pathogen distribution in AOM and its effects on antibiotic choices.¹ But here we consider treatment duration. Until the past decade, AOM treatment (except azithromycin) involved 10-day courses. But lately, 10-day antibiotic regimens for uncomplicated infections are disappearing. Shorter-course recommendations are the new norm because of the evolving clinical data showing that an appropriately chosen antibiotic (in partnership with host defenses and source control) resolves infection faster than was previously thought. Shorter courses make sense because of fewer adverse effects, less distortion of normal flora, and less likely induction of pathogen resistance. Table 4.12 in the newest 2021-2024 SOID Redbook lists three antibiotic durations for AOM, and actually there are more than that.

Why so many duration options? Clinical data show that not all AOM is alike and short courses work for subsets of AOM because, besides antibiotics, key elements in AOM resolution are host anatomy and immunity. Bacterial AOM results from a combination of refluxed pathogens in the middle ear being trapped when the eustachian tube malfunctions (infection occurs when middle ear plumbing gets stopped up). If the eustachian tube spontaneously drains and the host immune response slows/stops pathogen growth, no antibiotics are needed. Indeed, a sizable proportion of mild/moderate AOM episodes spontaneously resolve, particularly in children over 2 years old. So a high likelihood of spontaneous remission allows an initial 0-days duration option (watchful waiting) or delayed antibiotics (rescue prescriptions) for older children.

That said, when one chooses to initially prescribe antibiotics for AOM, different durations are recommended. Table 1 has my suggestions.

Data that gave me better microbiological understanding of why oral AOM trials less than 10 days were successful involved purulent AOM drainage from children who had pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes.² The authors randomized children to either standard-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate or placebo. Of note, 95% of pathogens were susceptible to the antibiotic; 5% were pneumococcus intermediately resistant to penicillin. The authors sampled ear drainage daily for 7 days. Figure 1 shows that cultures remained positive in only around 5% of children by day 3-5 of antibiotics, but viable bacteria persisted through 7 days in over half of placebo recipients. Remember, both groups benefited from a form of source control (drainage of the middle ear via PE tubes). So, if antibiotics can do the job in 3-5 days, why continue antibiotics beyond 5 days?

Anatomy and severity. In children over 5 years old (reasonably mature eustachian tube anatomy) with nonrecurrent (no AOM in past month), nonsevere (no otalgia or high fever) AOM, 5 days is enough. But 2- to 5-year-olds (less mature anatomy) need 7 days and those <2 years old (least mature plumbing) need 10 days. Likewise, severe AOM usually warrants 10 days. Some experts recommend 10 days for bilateral AOM as well.

These age/severity differences make sense because failures are more frequent with:

1. Younger age.³ While not proven, my hypothesis is that “natural” source control (spontaneous internal draining the middle ear into the nasopharynx [NP]) is less frequent in younger children because they have less mature eustachian tube systems. Further, reflux of persisting NP organisms could restart a new AOM episode even if the original pathogen was eliminated by a short 5-day course.

2. Severe AOM. A rationale for longer courses in severe AOM (ear pain, high fever) is that high middle-ear pressures (indicated by degree of tympanic membrane bulging and ear pain) could impede antibiotic penetration, or that high initial bacterial loads (perhaps indicated by systemic fever) require more antibiotic. And finally, return to baseline eustachian tube function may take longer if severe AOM caused enhanced inflammation.

3. Recurrent AOM. (AOM within 1 prior month) – With recurrent AOM, the second “hit” to the eustachian tube may lead to more dysfunction, so a longer antibiotic course may be required to allow more complete source control and more time for more complete functional recovery after a repeated inflammatory injury.

4. Bilateral AOM. Two independent but infected sites mean twice the chance for failure. So, a longer course could allow more time for both sites to undergo “natural” source control.⁴

More bacteria – more antibiotic? So, is more antibiotic really needed for a higher bacterial load? In vitro this is known as the “inoculum effect,” particularly for beta-lactam drugs, for example, amoxicillin and cephalosporins. Laboratory susceptibility testing is performed with a specifically defined quantity of bacteria (10⁵ bacteria/mL) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest antibiotic concentration that stops bacterial growth. We know that drugs will likely fail if the MIC exceeds the achievable antibiotic concentration at the infection site. But is it as simple as just exceeding the MIC at the infection site? No, pharmacodynamics tell us that overall antibiotic exposure is also important. For example, to be successful, beta-lactam concentrations need to be above the MIC for 40%-50% of the day.

Dr. Christopher J. Harrison is professor of pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases at Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics in Kansas City, Mo. Email him at pdnews@mdedge.com.

References

1. Pichichero ME. MDedge. 2022 Jan 11.

2. Ruohola A et al. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1061-7.

3. Hoberman A et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(25):2446-56.

4. Pichichero ME et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(4):381-7.

5. Harrison CJ et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4(6):641-6.

6. Leibovitz E et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2000;19(11):1040-5.

Twenty years ago, the dilemma in treating acute otitis media (AOM) was which among 10-plus antibiotics to prescribe. A recent column discussed the evolving pathogen distribution in AOM and its effects on antibiotic choices.¹ But here we consider treatment duration. Until the past decade, AOM treatment (except azithromycin) involved 10-day courses. But lately, 10-day antibiotic regimens for uncomplicated infections are disappearing. Shorter-course recommendations are the new norm because of the evolving clinical data showing that an appropriately chosen antibiotic (in partnership with host defenses and source control) resolves infection faster than was previously thought. Shorter courses make sense because of fewer adverse effects, less distortion of normal flora, and less likely induction of pathogen resistance. Table 4.12 in the newest 2021-2024 SOID Redbook lists three antibiotic durations for AOM, and actually there are more than that.

Why so many duration options? Clinical data show that not all AOM is alike and short courses work for subsets of AOM because, besides antibiotics, key elements in AOM resolution are host anatomy and immunity. Bacterial AOM results from a combination of refluxed pathogens in the middle ear being trapped when the eustachian tube malfunctions (infection occurs when middle ear plumbing gets stopped up). If the eustachian tube spontaneously drains and the host immune response slows/stops pathogen growth, no antibiotics are needed. Indeed, a sizable proportion of mild/moderate AOM episodes spontaneously resolve, particularly in children over 2 years old. So a high likelihood of spontaneous remission allows an initial 0-days duration option (watchful waiting) or delayed antibiotics (rescue prescriptions) for older children.

That said, when one chooses to initially prescribe antibiotics for AOM, different durations are recommended. Table 1 has my suggestions.

Data that gave me better microbiological understanding of why oral AOM trials less than 10 days were successful involved purulent AOM drainage from children who had pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes.² The authors randomized children to either standard-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate or placebo. Of note, 95% of pathogens were susceptible to the antibiotic; 5% were pneumococcus intermediately resistant to penicillin. The authors sampled ear drainage daily for 7 days. Figure 1 shows that cultures remained positive in only around 5% of children by day 3-5 of antibiotics, but viable bacteria persisted through 7 days in over half of placebo recipients. Remember, both groups benefited from a form of source control (drainage of the middle ear via PE tubes). So, if antibiotics can do the job in 3-5 days, why continue antibiotics beyond 5 days?

Anatomy and severity. In children over 5 years old (reasonably mature eustachian tube anatomy) with nonrecurrent (no AOM in past month), nonsevere (no otalgia or high fever) AOM, 5 days is enough. But 2- to 5-year-olds (less mature anatomy) need 7 days and those <2 years old (least mature plumbing) need 10 days. Likewise, severe AOM usually warrants 10 days. Some experts recommend 10 days for bilateral AOM as well.

These age/severity differences make sense because failures are more frequent with:

1. Younger age.³ While not proven, my hypothesis is that “natural” source control (spontaneous internal draining the middle ear into the nasopharynx [NP]) is less frequent in younger children because they have less mature eustachian tube systems. Further, reflux of persisting NP organisms could restart a new AOM episode even if the original pathogen was eliminated by a short 5-day course.

2. Severe AOM. A rationale for longer courses in severe AOM (ear pain, high fever) is that high middle-ear pressures (indicated by degree of tympanic membrane bulging and ear pain) could impede antibiotic penetration, or that high initial bacterial loads (perhaps indicated by systemic fever) require more antibiotic. And finally, return to baseline eustachian tube function may take longer if severe AOM caused enhanced inflammation.

3. Recurrent AOM. (AOM within 1 prior month) – With recurrent AOM, the second “hit” to the eustachian tube may lead to more dysfunction, so a longer antibiotic course may be required to allow more complete source control and more time for more complete functional recovery after a repeated inflammatory injury.

4. Bilateral AOM. Two independent but infected sites mean twice the chance for failure. So, a longer course could allow more time for both sites to undergo “natural” source control.⁴

More bacteria – more antibiotic? So, is more antibiotic really needed for a higher bacterial load? In vitro this is known as the “inoculum effect,” particularly for beta-lactam drugs, for example, amoxicillin and cephalosporins. Laboratory susceptibility testing is performed with a specifically defined quantity of bacteria (10⁵ bacteria/mL) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest antibiotic concentration that stops bacterial growth. We know that drugs will likely fail if the MIC exceeds the achievable antibiotic concentration at the infection site. But is it as simple as just exceeding the MIC at the infection site? No, pharmacodynamics tell us that overall antibiotic exposure is also important. For example, to be successful, beta-lactam concentrations need to be above the MIC for 40%-50% of the day.

Dr. Christopher J. Harrison is professor of pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases at Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics in Kansas City, Mo. Email him at pdnews@mdedge.com.

References

1. Pichichero ME. MDedge. 2022 Jan 11.

2. Ruohola A et al. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1061-7.

3. Hoberman A et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(25):2446-56.

4. Pichichero ME et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(4):381-7.

5. Harrison CJ et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4(6):641-6.

6. Leibovitz E et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2000;19(11):1040-5.

Twenty years ago, the dilemma in treating acute otitis media (AOM) was which among 10-plus antibiotics to prescribe. A recent column discussed the evolving pathogen distribution in AOM and its effects on antibiotic choices.¹ But here we consider treatment duration. Until the past decade, AOM treatment (except azithromycin) involved 10-day courses. But lately, 10-day antibiotic regimens for uncomplicated infections are disappearing. Shorter-course recommendations are the new norm because of the evolving clinical data showing that an appropriately chosen antibiotic (in partnership with host defenses and source control) resolves infection faster than was previously thought. Shorter courses make sense because of fewer adverse effects, less distortion of normal flora, and less likely induction of pathogen resistance. Table 4.12 in the newest 2021-2024 SOID Redbook lists three antibiotic durations for AOM, and actually there are more than that.

Why so many duration options? Clinical data show that not all AOM is alike and short courses work for subsets of AOM because, besides antibiotics, key elements in AOM resolution are host anatomy and immunity. Bacterial AOM results from a combination of refluxed pathogens in the middle ear being trapped when the eustachian tube malfunctions (infection occurs when middle ear plumbing gets stopped up). If the eustachian tube spontaneously drains and the host immune response slows/stops pathogen growth, no antibiotics are needed. Indeed, a sizable proportion of mild/moderate AOM episodes spontaneously resolve, particularly in children over 2 years old. So a high likelihood of spontaneous remission allows an initial 0-days duration option (watchful waiting) or delayed antibiotics (rescue prescriptions) for older children.

That said, when one chooses to initially prescribe antibiotics for AOM, different durations are recommended. Table 1 has my suggestions.

Data that gave me better microbiological understanding of why oral AOM trials less than 10 days were successful involved purulent AOM drainage from children who had pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes.² The authors randomized children to either standard-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate or placebo. Of note, 95% of pathogens were susceptible to the antibiotic; 5% were pneumococcus intermediately resistant to penicillin. The authors sampled ear drainage daily for 7 days. Figure 1 shows that cultures remained positive in only around 5% of children by day 3-5 of antibiotics, but viable bacteria persisted through 7 days in over half of placebo recipients. Remember, both groups benefited from a form of source control (drainage of the middle ear via PE tubes). So, if antibiotics can do the job in 3-5 days, why continue antibiotics beyond 5 days?

Anatomy and severity. In children over 5 years old (reasonably mature eustachian tube anatomy) with nonrecurrent (no AOM in past month), nonsevere (no otalgia or high fever) AOM, 5 days is enough. But 2- to 5-year-olds (less mature anatomy) need 7 days and those <2 years old (least mature plumbing) need 10 days. Likewise, severe AOM usually warrants 10 days. Some experts recommend 10 days for bilateral AOM as well.

These age/severity differences make sense because failures are more frequent with:

1. Younger age.³ While not proven, my hypothesis is that “natural” source control (spontaneous internal draining the middle ear into the nasopharynx [NP]) is less frequent in younger children because they have less mature eustachian tube systems. Further, reflux of persisting NP organisms could restart a new AOM episode even if the original pathogen was eliminated by a short 5-day course.

2. Severe AOM. A rationale for longer courses in severe AOM (ear pain, high fever) is that high middle-ear pressures (indicated by degree of tympanic membrane bulging and ear pain) could impede antibiotic penetration, or that high initial bacterial loads (perhaps indicated by systemic fever) require more antibiotic. And finally, return to baseline eustachian tube function may take longer if severe AOM caused enhanced inflammation.

3. Recurrent AOM. (AOM within 1 prior month) – With recurrent AOM, the second “hit” to the eustachian tube may lead to more dysfunction, so a longer antibiotic course may be required to allow more complete source control and more time for more complete functional recovery after a repeated inflammatory injury.

4. Bilateral AOM. Two independent but infected sites mean twice the chance for failure. So, a longer course could allow more time for both sites to undergo “natural” source control.⁴

More bacteria – more antibiotic? So, is more antibiotic really needed for a higher bacterial load? In vitro this is known as the “inoculum effect,” particularly for beta-lactam drugs, for example, amoxicillin and cephalosporins. Laboratory susceptibility testing is performed with a specifically defined quantity of bacteria (10⁵ bacteria/mL) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest antibiotic concentration that stops bacterial growth. We know that drugs will likely fail if the MIC exceeds the achievable antibiotic concentration at the infection site. But is it as simple as just exceeding the MIC at the infection site? No, pharmacodynamics tell us that overall antibiotic exposure is also important. For example, to be successful, beta-lactam concentrations need to be above the MIC for 40%-50% of the day.

Dr. Christopher J. Harrison is professor of pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases at Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics in Kansas City, Mo. Email him at pdnews@mdedge.com.

References

1. Pichichero ME. MDedge. 2022 Jan 11.

2. Ruohola A et al. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1061-7.

3. Hoberman A et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(25):2446-56.

4. Pichichero ME et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(4):381-7.

5. Harrison CJ et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4(6):641-6.

6. Leibovitz E et al. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2000;19(11):1040-5.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued revised milestone guidelines for their developmental surveillance campaign, Learn the Signs, Act Early (LTSAE).

The new guidelines, published in Pediatrics, were drafted in “easy-to-understand” language and identify the behaviors that 75% or more of children should exhibit at certain ages based on developmental resources, existing data, and clinician experience. The previous milestone checklists, developed in 2004, used 50th percentile or average-age milestones.

The CDC, in collaboration with the AAP, convened a group of eight subject matter experts in various fields of child development, including a developmental pediatrician and researcher from Kennedy Krieger Institute, to develop new and clearer guidelines.

“The goals of the group were to identify evidence-informed milestones to include in CDC checklists, clarify when most children can be expected to reach a milestone (to discourage a wait-and-see approach), and support clinical judgment regarding screening between recommended ages,” wrote lead author Jennifer M. Zubler, MD, of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities in Atlanta, and colleagues.
 

Key changes

The experts established 11 criteria for CDC surveillance milestones and tools, including milestones most children (75% or more) would be expected to reach by defined health supervision visit ages and those that are easily recognized in natural settings.

Criteria for developmental milestones and surveillance tools:

• Milestones are included at the age most (≥75%) children would be expected to demonstrate the milestone.
• Eliminate “warning signs.”
• Are easy for families of different social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds to observe and use.
• Are able to be answered with yes, not yet, or not sure.
• Use plain language, avoiding vague terms like may, can, and begins.
• Are organized in developmental domains.
• Show progression of skills with age, when possible.
• Milestones are not repeated across checklists.
• Include open-ended questions.
• Include information for developmental promotion.
• Include information on how to act early if there are concerns.

The previous guidelines were critiqued by some clinicians as being “not helpful to individual families who had concerns about their child’s development,” and in some cases, led to delays in diagnoses as decision-makers opted for a “wait-and-see approach.”

“The earlier a child is identified with a developmental delay the better, as treatment as well as learning interventions can begin,” Paul Lipkin, MD, an associate professor of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said in an accompanying press release. “Revising the guidelines with expertise and data from clinicians in the field accomplishes these goals.”

Additional changes included new checklists for children between the ages of 15 and 30 months, additional social and emotional milestones, as well as the removal of complex language and duplicate milestones. The experts also developed new, open-ended questions to aid discussions with families.

“Review of a child’s development with these milestones opens up a continuous dialogue between a parent and the health care provider about their child’s present and future development,” said Dr. Lipkin.

Originally pioneered in 2005, the LTSAE awareness campaign provides free resources to clinicians and families to support early detection of children with developmental delays and disabilities. After the new guidelines were drafted, they were presented to parents of various racial groups, income levels, and educational backgrounds to confirm ease of use and understandability.

“These criteria and revised checklists can be used to support developmental surveillance, clinical judgment regarding additional developmental screening, and research in developmental surveillance processes,” wrote Dr. Zubler.
 

Expert perspective

“These new guidelines will allow us to catch more children with developmental delays as they raise the threshold to 75% of children achieving those milestones at that particular age,” Karalyn Kinsella, MD, a pediatrician in Cheshire, Conn., said in an interview.

Dr. Kinsella added that the new guidelines simplify the milestones and reduce redundancy across different developmental domains. “Most importantly, it gave me the opportunity to see just how great the CDC milestone tracker app is – I think parents would really like it.”

This project was supported by the CDC and Prevention of the Department of Health & Human Services. One author is a developer of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires and receives royalties from Brookes Publishing, the company that publishes this tool; the other authors have indicated they have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued revised milestone guidelines for their developmental surveillance campaign, Learn the Signs, Act Early (LTSAE).

The new guidelines, published in Pediatrics, were drafted in “easy-to-understand” language and identify the behaviors that 75% or more of children should exhibit at certain ages based on developmental resources, existing data, and clinician experience. The previous milestone checklists, developed in 2004, used 50th percentile or average-age milestones.

The CDC, in collaboration with the AAP, convened a group of eight subject matter experts in various fields of child development, including a developmental pediatrician and researcher from Kennedy Krieger Institute, to develop new and clearer guidelines.

“The goals of the group were to identify evidence-informed milestones to include in CDC checklists, clarify when most children can be expected to reach a milestone (to discourage a wait-and-see approach), and support clinical judgment regarding screening between recommended ages,” wrote lead author Jennifer M. Zubler, MD, of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities in Atlanta, and colleagues.
 

Key changes

The experts established 11 criteria for CDC surveillance milestones and tools, including milestones most children (75% or more) would be expected to reach by defined health supervision visit ages and those that are easily recognized in natural settings.

Criteria for developmental milestones and surveillance tools:

• Milestones are included at the age most (≥75%) children would be expected to demonstrate the milestone.
• Eliminate “warning signs.”
• Are easy for families of different social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds to observe and use.
• Are able to be answered with yes, not yet, or not sure.
• Use plain language, avoiding vague terms like may, can, and begins.
• Are organized in developmental domains.
• Show progression of skills with age, when possible.
• Milestones are not repeated across checklists.
• Include open-ended questions.
• Include information for developmental promotion.
• Include information on how to act early if there are concerns.

The previous guidelines were critiqued by some clinicians as being “not helpful to individual families who had concerns about their child’s development,” and in some cases, led to delays in diagnoses as decision-makers opted for a “wait-and-see approach.”

“The earlier a child is identified with a developmental delay the better, as treatment as well as learning interventions can begin,” Paul Lipkin, MD, an associate professor of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said in an accompanying press release. “Revising the guidelines with expertise and data from clinicians in the field accomplishes these goals.”

Additional changes included new checklists for children between the ages of 15 and 30 months, additional social and emotional milestones, as well as the removal of complex language and duplicate milestones. The experts also developed new, open-ended questions to aid discussions with families.

“Review of a child’s development with these milestones opens up a continuous dialogue between a parent and the health care provider about their child’s present and future development,” said Dr. Lipkin.

Originally pioneered in 2005, the LTSAE awareness campaign provides free resources to clinicians and families to support early detection of children with developmental delays and disabilities. After the new guidelines were drafted, they were presented to parents of various racial groups, income levels, and educational backgrounds to confirm ease of use and understandability.

“These criteria and revised checklists can be used to support developmental surveillance, clinical judgment regarding additional developmental screening, and research in developmental surveillance processes,” wrote Dr. Zubler.
 

Expert perspective

“These new guidelines will allow us to catch more children with developmental delays as they raise the threshold to 75% of children achieving those milestones at that particular age,” Karalyn Kinsella, MD, a pediatrician in Cheshire, Conn., said in an interview.

Dr. Kinsella added that the new guidelines simplify the milestones and reduce redundancy across different developmental domains. “Most importantly, it gave me the opportunity to see just how great the CDC milestone tracker app is – I think parents would really like it.”

This project was supported by the CDC and Prevention of the Department of Health & Human Services. One author is a developer of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires and receives royalties from Brookes Publishing, the company that publishes this tool; the other authors have indicated they have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued revised milestone guidelines for their developmental surveillance campaign, Learn the Signs, Act Early (LTSAE).

The new guidelines, published in Pediatrics, were drafted in “easy-to-understand” language and identify the behaviors that 75% or more of children should exhibit at certain ages based on developmental resources, existing data, and clinician experience. The previous milestone checklists, developed in 2004, used 50th percentile or average-age milestones.

The CDC, in collaboration with the AAP, convened a group of eight subject matter experts in various fields of child development, including a developmental pediatrician and researcher from Kennedy Krieger Institute, to develop new and clearer guidelines.

“The goals of the group were to identify evidence-informed milestones to include in CDC checklists, clarify when most children can be expected to reach a milestone (to discourage a wait-and-see approach), and support clinical judgment regarding screening between recommended ages,” wrote lead author Jennifer M. Zubler, MD, of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities in Atlanta, and colleagues.
 

Key changes

The experts established 11 criteria for CDC surveillance milestones and tools, including milestones most children (75% or more) would be expected to reach by defined health supervision visit ages and those that are easily recognized in natural settings.

Criteria for developmental milestones and surveillance tools:

• Milestones are included at the age most (≥75%) children would be expected to demonstrate the milestone.
• Eliminate “warning signs.”
• Are easy for families of different social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds to observe and use.
• Are able to be answered with yes, not yet, or not sure.
• Use plain language, avoiding vague terms like may, can, and begins.
• Are organized in developmental domains.
• Show progression of skills with age, when possible.
• Milestones are not repeated across checklists.
• Include open-ended questions.
• Include information for developmental promotion.
• Include information on how to act early if there are concerns.

The previous guidelines were critiqued by some clinicians as being “not helpful to individual families who had concerns about their child’s development,” and in some cases, led to delays in diagnoses as decision-makers opted for a “wait-and-see approach.”

“The earlier a child is identified with a developmental delay the better, as treatment as well as learning interventions can begin,” Paul Lipkin, MD, an associate professor of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said in an accompanying press release. “Revising the guidelines with expertise and data from clinicians in the field accomplishes these goals.”

Additional changes included new checklists for children between the ages of 15 and 30 months, additional social and emotional milestones, as well as the removal of complex language and duplicate milestones. The experts also developed new, open-ended questions to aid discussions with families.

“Review of a child’s development with these milestones opens up a continuous dialogue between a parent and the health care provider about their child’s present and future development,” said Dr. Lipkin.

Originally pioneered in 2005, the LTSAE awareness campaign provides free resources to clinicians and families to support early detection of children with developmental delays and disabilities. After the new guidelines were drafted, they were presented to parents of various racial groups, income levels, and educational backgrounds to confirm ease of use and understandability.

“These criteria and revised checklists can be used to support developmental surveillance, clinical judgment regarding additional developmental screening, and research in developmental surveillance processes,” wrote Dr. Zubler.
 

Expert perspective

“These new guidelines will allow us to catch more children with developmental delays as they raise the threshold to 75% of children achieving those milestones at that particular age,” Karalyn Kinsella, MD, a pediatrician in Cheshire, Conn., said in an interview.

Dr. Kinsella added that the new guidelines simplify the milestones and reduce redundancy across different developmental domains. “Most importantly, it gave me the opportunity to see just how great the CDC milestone tracker app is – I think parents would really like it.”

This project was supported by the CDC and Prevention of the Department of Health & Human Services. One author is a developer of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires and receives royalties from Brookes Publishing, the company that publishes this tool; the other authors have indicated they have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

All-cause mortality is significantly higher for individuals with autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than for the general population, based on data from more than 600,000 individuals.

Studies of individuals with mental disorders have suggested an increased mortality risk, compared with the general population, but similar studies of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or ADHD have yielded inconsistent results, Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, and colleagues wrote.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis published in JAMA Pediatrics, the researchers examined 27 studies including 642,260 individuals; 154,238 with ASD and 396,488 with ADHD. The studies were published up to April 1, 2021, and included deaths from natural causes (such as respiratory illness or cancer) and unnatural (external) causes, such as accident, injury, or poisoning. The proportion of females in the studies ranged from 14% to 100%; the follow-up ranged from 3 to 33 years; and three studies included first-degree relatives.

Overall, all-cause mortality was significantly higher among individuals with ASD (rate ratio, 2.37) and ADHD (RR, 2.13), compared with the general population. Among individuals with ASD, deaths from natural causes and unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 3.80 and RR, 2.50, respectively). Among individuals with ADHD, deaths from natural causes were not significantly increased (RR, 1.62), but deaths from unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 2.81).

Potential mechanisms to explain the excess mortality among individuals with ASD and ADHD include health determinants and biological pathways, but the complex nature of the associations make the establishment of causality a challenge, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings. In general, “severe mental and behavioral disorders appear to be associated with reduced life expectancy, both in terms of mortality from external causes and mortality from other medical conditions or diseases.” With regard to ASD/ADHD in particular, these individuals often experience emotional and social problems as they enter adulthood. “Behaviors such as impulsivity and/or inattention can be contributing factors for injuries and unintentional incidents in children with ASD/ADHD,” they added.

The study findings were limited by several factors including the possible omission of studies and the use of study-level data rather than individual participant data, as well as the limitation of electronic health records, the researchers noted. Also, the studies were mostly conducted in Western countries and the results may not be generalizable to other countries.

Although ASD and ADHD were associated with a significant increased risk of all-cause mortality, “the results should be interpreted with caution because there was evidence of heterogeneity between study estimates of the mortality risks,” the researchers said. However, the results were strengthened by the large study sample, and offer a comprehensive look at the evidence supporting increased mortality risk among individuals with ASD or ADHD, and highlight the need to identify modifiable risk factors.

“Understanding the mechanisms of these associations may lead to targeted strategies to prevent avoidable deaths in high-risk groups of children and young people as an approach to improve public health,” they said.
 

Recent research support associations

The study was important because ASD and ADHD may persist into adulthood, but data from previous epidemiological studies on the impact of these disorders on mortality are inconsistent, lead author Dr. Catalá-López said in an interview.

“We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate all available studies of mortality associations in people with these disorders, which provide the most updated and evidence-based approach,” he explained. “Our study has only become possible in the past few years because several large population-based epidemiological studies have been available reporting similar mortality-related outcomes.”

Dr. Catalá-López said that the study findings have value in clinical practice. “We found that people with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders would have an increased risk of mortality when compared to the general population. In our opinion, understanding the causes and mechanisms of these associations can lead to specific strategies to prevent avoidable deaths.

“Autism and attention-hyperactivity/deficit disorder are problems that can be managed with adequate and concrete programs at an early age, and most premature deaths, at least deaths from unnatural causes, can be prevented,” Dr. Catalá-López said.

“Furthermore, we believe that these results may shed some light for future research. For example, more prospective studies would be needed, particularly to examine cause-specific mortality, in larger populations of children and youth with autism/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including some of the more common comorbidities,” Dr. Catalá-López added.
 

Findings support need for screening and prevention strategies

The clear message that individuals with ASD or ADHD often die of preventable or unnatural causes demands attention and “demands widespread recognition and the implementation of systematic screening and preventive approaches,” Russell A. Barkley, PhD, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, and Geraldine Dawson, PhD, of Duke University, Durham, N.C., wrote in an accompanying editorial.

The studies included in the review also demonstrate that ADHD is associated with more than a twofold risk of early mortality in children and a more than a fourfold risk in mortality by age 45 years, they said.

The editorialists noted that the increased mortality risk may explain the ongoing conundrum among clinicians as to why the prevalence of ADHD seems to decline with age, “such that 5%-8% of children may meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD while that figure falls to 4%-5% of adults and 2%-3% of older adults,” despite evidence that a majority of childhood cases will be rediagnosed in adulthood. However, the current study offers an alternative. “This systematic review and meta-analysis and the studies included within it make plain that another explanation is the greater loss of individuals with these conditions from the population over time owing to heightened mortality, compared with typical peers,” they said.

“In addition to ADHD diagnosis, ASD diagnosis is also associated with other psychiatric comorbidities that are correlated with increased risk for mortality, including anxiety and affective disorders,” the editorialists noted. Other considerations for increased mortality among individuals with ASD include different protective and risk factors associated with suicide risk, compared with the general population, as well as poorer social and daily living skills compared to the general population.

The study findings “argue for individuals with ADHD and individuals with ASD being viewed through a public health lens with screening and prevention strategies offered beginning in early childhood. These findings should also give impetus to efforts to try to reduce the first order risk factors that are predisposing to reduced life expectancy, such as obesity, substance use, poor diet, poor sleep, and limited exercise among children and adults with ASD and ADHD,” they said.

“A preventive strategy would necessitate primary care physicians becoming more aware of the linkage between both ASD diagnosis and ADHD diagnosis and early mortality as well as their link to reduced [estimated life expectancy],” and such an approach could potentially reduce the higher mortality risk identified in the current review, they concluded.

Dr. Barkley reported speaking and other fees from Takeda, Medice Pharmaceutical, and AstraZeneca; book royalties from Guilford Publications and the American Psychological Association; and course royalties from ContiningEdCourses.net and Premier Educational Seminars. Dr. Dawson reported grants from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Mental Health during the submitted work and personal fees from Apple. Dr. Dawson also disclosed a patent for license to Apple, and Dr. Dawson and Duke University have benefited financially from technology and data that have been licensed to Apple. The study was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III and Generalitat Valenciana. Researchers including lead author Dr. Catalá-López received funding from sources including the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; one coauthor received support from an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award, a new investigator award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network, the Spanish Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network, and Institute of Health Carlos III. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

All-cause mortality is significantly higher for individuals with autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than for the general population, based on data from more than 600,000 individuals.

Studies of individuals with mental disorders have suggested an increased mortality risk, compared with the general population, but similar studies of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or ADHD have yielded inconsistent results, Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, and colleagues wrote.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis published in JAMA Pediatrics, the researchers examined 27 studies including 642,260 individuals; 154,238 with ASD and 396,488 with ADHD. The studies were published up to April 1, 2021, and included deaths from natural causes (such as respiratory illness or cancer) and unnatural (external) causes, such as accident, injury, or poisoning. The proportion of females in the studies ranged from 14% to 100%; the follow-up ranged from 3 to 33 years; and three studies included first-degree relatives.

Overall, all-cause mortality was significantly higher among individuals with ASD (rate ratio, 2.37) and ADHD (RR, 2.13), compared with the general population. Among individuals with ASD, deaths from natural causes and unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 3.80 and RR, 2.50, respectively). Among individuals with ADHD, deaths from natural causes were not significantly increased (RR, 1.62), but deaths from unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 2.81).

Potential mechanisms to explain the excess mortality among individuals with ASD and ADHD include health determinants and biological pathways, but the complex nature of the associations make the establishment of causality a challenge, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings. In general, “severe mental and behavioral disorders appear to be associated with reduced life expectancy, both in terms of mortality from external causes and mortality from other medical conditions or diseases.” With regard to ASD/ADHD in particular, these individuals often experience emotional and social problems as they enter adulthood. “Behaviors such as impulsivity and/or inattention can be contributing factors for injuries and unintentional incidents in children with ASD/ADHD,” they added.

The study findings were limited by several factors including the possible omission of studies and the use of study-level data rather than individual participant data, as well as the limitation of electronic health records, the researchers noted. Also, the studies were mostly conducted in Western countries and the results may not be generalizable to other countries.

Although ASD and ADHD were associated with a significant increased risk of all-cause mortality, “the results should be interpreted with caution because there was evidence of heterogeneity between study estimates of the mortality risks,” the researchers said. However, the results were strengthened by the large study sample, and offer a comprehensive look at the evidence supporting increased mortality risk among individuals with ASD or ADHD, and highlight the need to identify modifiable risk factors.

“Understanding the mechanisms of these associations may lead to targeted strategies to prevent avoidable deaths in high-risk groups of children and young people as an approach to improve public health,” they said.
 

Recent research support associations

The study was important because ASD and ADHD may persist into adulthood, but data from previous epidemiological studies on the impact of these disorders on mortality are inconsistent, lead author Dr. Catalá-López said in an interview.

“We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate all available studies of mortality associations in people with these disorders, which provide the most updated and evidence-based approach,” he explained. “Our study has only become possible in the past few years because several large population-based epidemiological studies have been available reporting similar mortality-related outcomes.”

Dr. Catalá-López said that the study findings have value in clinical practice. “We found that people with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders would have an increased risk of mortality when compared to the general population. In our opinion, understanding the causes and mechanisms of these associations can lead to specific strategies to prevent avoidable deaths.

“Autism and attention-hyperactivity/deficit disorder are problems that can be managed with adequate and concrete programs at an early age, and most premature deaths, at least deaths from unnatural causes, can be prevented,” Dr. Catalá-López said.

“Furthermore, we believe that these results may shed some light for future research. For example, more prospective studies would be needed, particularly to examine cause-specific mortality, in larger populations of children and youth with autism/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including some of the more common comorbidities,” Dr. Catalá-López added.
 

Findings support need for screening and prevention strategies

The clear message that individuals with ASD or ADHD often die of preventable or unnatural causes demands attention and “demands widespread recognition and the implementation of systematic screening and preventive approaches,” Russell A. Barkley, PhD, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, and Geraldine Dawson, PhD, of Duke University, Durham, N.C., wrote in an accompanying editorial.

The studies included in the review also demonstrate that ADHD is associated with more than a twofold risk of early mortality in children and a more than a fourfold risk in mortality by age 45 years, they said.

The editorialists noted that the increased mortality risk may explain the ongoing conundrum among clinicians as to why the prevalence of ADHD seems to decline with age, “such that 5%-8% of children may meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD while that figure falls to 4%-5% of adults and 2%-3% of older adults,” despite evidence that a majority of childhood cases will be rediagnosed in adulthood. However, the current study offers an alternative. “This systematic review and meta-analysis and the studies included within it make plain that another explanation is the greater loss of individuals with these conditions from the population over time owing to heightened mortality, compared with typical peers,” they said.

“In addition to ADHD diagnosis, ASD diagnosis is also associated with other psychiatric comorbidities that are correlated with increased risk for mortality, including anxiety and affective disorders,” the editorialists noted. Other considerations for increased mortality among individuals with ASD include different protective and risk factors associated with suicide risk, compared with the general population, as well as poorer social and daily living skills compared to the general population.

The study findings “argue for individuals with ADHD and individuals with ASD being viewed through a public health lens with screening and prevention strategies offered beginning in early childhood. These findings should also give impetus to efforts to try to reduce the first order risk factors that are predisposing to reduced life expectancy, such as obesity, substance use, poor diet, poor sleep, and limited exercise among children and adults with ASD and ADHD,” they said.

“A preventive strategy would necessitate primary care physicians becoming more aware of the linkage between both ASD diagnosis and ADHD diagnosis and early mortality as well as their link to reduced [estimated life expectancy],” and such an approach could potentially reduce the higher mortality risk identified in the current review, they concluded.

Dr. Barkley reported speaking and other fees from Takeda, Medice Pharmaceutical, and AstraZeneca; book royalties from Guilford Publications and the American Psychological Association; and course royalties from ContiningEdCourses.net and Premier Educational Seminars. Dr. Dawson reported grants from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Mental Health during the submitted work and personal fees from Apple. Dr. Dawson also disclosed a patent for license to Apple, and Dr. Dawson and Duke University have benefited financially from technology and data that have been licensed to Apple. The study was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III and Generalitat Valenciana. Researchers including lead author Dr. Catalá-López received funding from sources including the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; one coauthor received support from an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award, a new investigator award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network, the Spanish Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network, and Institute of Health Carlos III. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

All-cause mortality is significantly higher for individuals with autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than for the general population, based on data from more than 600,000 individuals.

Studies of individuals with mental disorders have suggested an increased mortality risk, compared with the general population, but similar studies of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or ADHD have yielded inconsistent results, Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, and colleagues wrote.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis published in JAMA Pediatrics, the researchers examined 27 studies including 642,260 individuals; 154,238 with ASD and 396,488 with ADHD. The studies were published up to April 1, 2021, and included deaths from natural causes (such as respiratory illness or cancer) and unnatural (external) causes, such as accident, injury, or poisoning. The proportion of females in the studies ranged from 14% to 100%; the follow-up ranged from 3 to 33 years; and three studies included first-degree relatives.

Overall, all-cause mortality was significantly higher among individuals with ASD (rate ratio, 2.37) and ADHD (RR, 2.13), compared with the general population. Among individuals with ASD, deaths from natural causes and unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 3.80 and RR, 2.50, respectively). Among individuals with ADHD, deaths from natural causes were not significantly increased (RR, 1.62), but deaths from unnatural causes were significantly increased, compared with the general population (RR, 2.81).

Potential mechanisms to explain the excess mortality among individuals with ASD and ADHD include health determinants and biological pathways, but the complex nature of the associations make the establishment of causality a challenge, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings. In general, “severe mental and behavioral disorders appear to be associated with reduced life expectancy, both in terms of mortality from external causes and mortality from other medical conditions or diseases.” With regard to ASD/ADHD in particular, these individuals often experience emotional and social problems as they enter adulthood. “Behaviors such as impulsivity and/or inattention can be contributing factors for injuries and unintentional incidents in children with ASD/ADHD,” they added.

The study findings were limited by several factors including the possible omission of studies and the use of study-level data rather than individual participant data, as well as the limitation of electronic health records, the researchers noted. Also, the studies were mostly conducted in Western countries and the results may not be generalizable to other countries.

Although ASD and ADHD were associated with a significant increased risk of all-cause mortality, “the results should be interpreted with caution because there was evidence of heterogeneity between study estimates of the mortality risks,” the researchers said. However, the results were strengthened by the large study sample, and offer a comprehensive look at the evidence supporting increased mortality risk among individuals with ASD or ADHD, and highlight the need to identify modifiable risk factors.

“Understanding the mechanisms of these associations may lead to targeted strategies to prevent avoidable deaths in high-risk groups of children and young people as an approach to improve public health,” they said.
 

Recent research support associations

The study was important because ASD and ADHD may persist into adulthood, but data from previous epidemiological studies on the impact of these disorders on mortality are inconsistent, lead author Dr. Catalá-López said in an interview.

“We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate all available studies of mortality associations in people with these disorders, which provide the most updated and evidence-based approach,” he explained. “Our study has only become possible in the past few years because several large population-based epidemiological studies have been available reporting similar mortality-related outcomes.”

Dr. Catalá-López said that the study findings have value in clinical practice. “We found that people with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders would have an increased risk of mortality when compared to the general population. In our opinion, understanding the causes and mechanisms of these associations can lead to specific strategies to prevent avoidable deaths.

“Autism and attention-hyperactivity/deficit disorder are problems that can be managed with adequate and concrete programs at an early age, and most premature deaths, at least deaths from unnatural causes, can be prevented,” Dr. Catalá-López said.

“Furthermore, we believe that these results may shed some light for future research. For example, more prospective studies would be needed, particularly to examine cause-specific mortality, in larger populations of children and youth with autism/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including some of the more common comorbidities,” Dr. Catalá-López added.
 

Findings support need for screening and prevention strategies

The clear message that individuals with ASD or ADHD often die of preventable or unnatural causes demands attention and “demands widespread recognition and the implementation of systematic screening and preventive approaches,” Russell A. Barkley, PhD, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, and Geraldine Dawson, PhD, of Duke University, Durham, N.C., wrote in an accompanying editorial.

The studies included in the review also demonstrate that ADHD is associated with more than a twofold risk of early mortality in children and a more than a fourfold risk in mortality by age 45 years, they said.

The editorialists noted that the increased mortality risk may explain the ongoing conundrum among clinicians as to why the prevalence of ADHD seems to decline with age, “such that 5%-8% of children may meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD while that figure falls to 4%-5% of adults and 2%-3% of older adults,” despite evidence that a majority of childhood cases will be rediagnosed in adulthood. However, the current study offers an alternative. “This systematic review and meta-analysis and the studies included within it make plain that another explanation is the greater loss of individuals with these conditions from the population over time owing to heightened mortality, compared with typical peers,” they said.

“In addition to ADHD diagnosis, ASD diagnosis is also associated with other psychiatric comorbidities that are correlated with increased risk for mortality, including anxiety and affective disorders,” the editorialists noted. Other considerations for increased mortality among individuals with ASD include different protective and risk factors associated with suicide risk, compared with the general population, as well as poorer social and daily living skills compared to the general population.

The study findings “argue for individuals with ADHD and individuals with ASD being viewed through a public health lens with screening and prevention strategies offered beginning in early childhood. These findings should also give impetus to efforts to try to reduce the first order risk factors that are predisposing to reduced life expectancy, such as obesity, substance use, poor diet, poor sleep, and limited exercise among children and adults with ASD and ADHD,” they said.

“A preventive strategy would necessitate primary care physicians becoming more aware of the linkage between both ASD diagnosis and ADHD diagnosis and early mortality as well as their link to reduced [estimated life expectancy],” and such an approach could potentially reduce the higher mortality risk identified in the current review, they concluded.

Dr. Barkley reported speaking and other fees from Takeda, Medice Pharmaceutical, and AstraZeneca; book royalties from Guilford Publications and the American Psychological Association; and course royalties from ContiningEdCourses.net and Premier Educational Seminars. Dr. Dawson reported grants from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Mental Health during the submitted work and personal fees from Apple. Dr. Dawson also disclosed a patent for license to Apple, and Dr. Dawson and Duke University have benefited financially from technology and data that have been licensed to Apple. The study was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III and Generalitat Valenciana. Researchers including lead author Dr. Catalá-López received funding from sources including the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; one coauthor received support from an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award, a new investigator award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network, the Spanish Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network, and Institute of Health Carlos III. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection is not associated with new-onset tic disorders in at-risk children, findings from a large prospective study show.

The results mean that if preteens present with a new-onset tic condition, “they’re unlikely to have it as a result of a group A streptococcal throat infection,” study author Anette Eleonore Schrag, MD, PhD, professor, department of clinical neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, told this news organization.

Therefore, clinicians should not automatically prescribe antibiotics for children with tics, which sometimes occurs, said Dr. Schrag.

The study was published online Feb. 2 in Neurology.
 

Ongoing controversy

Research shows that genetic and environmental factors contribute to chronic tic disorders (CTDs) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, as well as psychosocial stress, may play a role.

There has been an ongoing controversy regarding the possible role of GAS in tics, with some studies showing an association and others not showing a link. However, previous studies have been retrospective, registry based, or had limited sample size.

This new prospective study is the first in children without a tic disorder but who were at relatively high risk of developing one. The children were followed to assess development of streptococcal infections and tics, said Dr. Schrag.

The study included 259 children aged 3-10 years (mean baseline age, 6.8 years; over half female) who had a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling with TS or CTD.

The average age at TS onset is 7 years, peaking in prevalence and severity at about 9-12 years. GAS throat infections are common in this age group.

Although study participants did not have tics themselves, they represented “an enriched group,” said Dr. Schrag. “Because they had family history, we knew they were at increased risk for developing tics.”

Participants were evaluated every 2 months, alternating between scheduled hospital visits and telephone interviews. Parents kept a weekly diary and were instructed to bring their child in for assessment if they showed any signs of tics.

The average follow-up period was 1.6 years, but some of the children were followed for up to 48 months. During the study, there were a total of 1,944 assessments, including 939 telephone interviews and 1,005 clinical visits.
 

More common in boys

Investigators defined tic onset as the first occurrence of any sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic involuntary movement and/or vocalization on at least three separate days within a period of 3 weeks.

The investigators assessed GAS exposure using parameters from throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse B titers.

They used multiple definitions and combinations of GAS exposures “to make sure we weren’t missing any association because we didn’t use the right definition,” said Dr. Schrag. She explained a definitive strep infection is not always clear-cut.

At baseline, 17.0% participants tested positive for GAS, and 78.8% tested negative. No throat swab was available from 4.2% of participants.

During follow-up, the number of confirmed positive GAS exposures was 59, 102, 125, and 138, depending on the definition.

Researchers identified 61 tic cases during the study period. There was no evidence of an association of tic onset with GAS exposure after adjusting for age, sex, and parental education level.

However, there was a strong association between tic onset and sex, with girls being 60% less likely to develop tics than boys (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7; P < .01).

This result wasn’t particularly surprising, as it’s known that more boys develop tics than girls. “We just confirmed that in a prospective way,” said Dr. Schrag.

Results from sensitivity analyses confirmed the results. This was also the case with analyses that excluded visits with missing data on GAS exposure and that further adjusted for clinical site and psychotropic medication use.
 

Other pathogens?

Although the results showed no association between strep and tics in this population, it does not “close the door completely” on a potential relationship, said Dr. Schrag.

“By and large, the development of tics in children is not associated with group A strep, but differences in small subgroups can never be excluded by a study like this.”

Participants in this study were part of the European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS), a prospective cohort study exploring the role of environmental and genetic factors in pediatric CTD. That project is also looking at immune system factors, “which might play a role in the development of chronic tic disorder and associated conditions,” said Dr. Schrag.

It’s still possible, she added, that other pathogens could play a role in tic development. “That’s going to be the subject of further analysis and future studies,” she said.

Tamara Pringsheim, MD, professor of clinical neurosciences, psychiatry, pediatrics, and community health sciences, University of Calgary (Alta.), praised the research.

“This was a well-designed study, with a large sample of 260 children followed for up to 4 years, using a standardized protocol to assess for group A streptococcal infection and new onset of tics.”

The study, which did not uncover an association between GAS exposure and tic onset, “provides high level evidence that group A streptococcal exposure is not an important risk factor for the new onset of tics in children with a family history of tic disorders.”

The study received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program for research technological development and demonstration. Dr. Schrag reports receiving consultancy or advisory board honoraria from Biogen, Abbvie, Bial, and Neurotechnology; research support from the National Institute of Health Research, Parkinsons UK, and the Economic and Social Research Council and the European Commission; and Royalties from Oxford University Press. Dr. Pringsheim reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection is not associated with new-onset tic disorders in at-risk children, findings from a large prospective study show.

The results mean that if preteens present with a new-onset tic condition, “they’re unlikely to have it as a result of a group A streptococcal throat infection,” study author Anette Eleonore Schrag, MD, PhD, professor, department of clinical neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, told this news organization.

Therefore, clinicians should not automatically prescribe antibiotics for children with tics, which sometimes occurs, said Dr. Schrag.

The study was published online Feb. 2 in Neurology.
 

Ongoing controversy

Research shows that genetic and environmental factors contribute to chronic tic disorders (CTDs) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, as well as psychosocial stress, may play a role.

There has been an ongoing controversy regarding the possible role of GAS in tics, with some studies showing an association and others not showing a link. However, previous studies have been retrospective, registry based, or had limited sample size.

This new prospective study is the first in children without a tic disorder but who were at relatively high risk of developing one. The children were followed to assess development of streptococcal infections and tics, said Dr. Schrag.

The study included 259 children aged 3-10 years (mean baseline age, 6.8 years; over half female) who had a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling with TS or CTD.

The average age at TS onset is 7 years, peaking in prevalence and severity at about 9-12 years. GAS throat infections are common in this age group.

Although study participants did not have tics themselves, they represented “an enriched group,” said Dr. Schrag. “Because they had family history, we knew they were at increased risk for developing tics.”

Participants were evaluated every 2 months, alternating between scheduled hospital visits and telephone interviews. Parents kept a weekly diary and were instructed to bring their child in for assessment if they showed any signs of tics.

The average follow-up period was 1.6 years, but some of the children were followed for up to 48 months. During the study, there were a total of 1,944 assessments, including 939 telephone interviews and 1,005 clinical visits.
 

More common in boys

Investigators defined tic onset as the first occurrence of any sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic involuntary movement and/or vocalization on at least three separate days within a period of 3 weeks.

The investigators assessed GAS exposure using parameters from throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse B titers.

They used multiple definitions and combinations of GAS exposures “to make sure we weren’t missing any association because we didn’t use the right definition,” said Dr. Schrag. She explained a definitive strep infection is not always clear-cut.

At baseline, 17.0% participants tested positive for GAS, and 78.8% tested negative. No throat swab was available from 4.2% of participants.

During follow-up, the number of confirmed positive GAS exposures was 59, 102, 125, and 138, depending on the definition.

Researchers identified 61 tic cases during the study period. There was no evidence of an association of tic onset with GAS exposure after adjusting for age, sex, and parental education level.

However, there was a strong association between tic onset and sex, with girls being 60% less likely to develop tics than boys (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7; P < .01).

This result wasn’t particularly surprising, as it’s known that more boys develop tics than girls. “We just confirmed that in a prospective way,” said Dr. Schrag.

Results from sensitivity analyses confirmed the results. This was also the case with analyses that excluded visits with missing data on GAS exposure and that further adjusted for clinical site and psychotropic medication use.
 

Other pathogens?

Although the results showed no association between strep and tics in this population, it does not “close the door completely” on a potential relationship, said Dr. Schrag.

“By and large, the development of tics in children is not associated with group A strep, but differences in small subgroups can never be excluded by a study like this.”

Participants in this study were part of the European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS), a prospective cohort study exploring the role of environmental and genetic factors in pediatric CTD. That project is also looking at immune system factors, “which might play a role in the development of chronic tic disorder and associated conditions,” said Dr. Schrag.

It’s still possible, she added, that other pathogens could play a role in tic development. “That’s going to be the subject of further analysis and future studies,” she said.

Tamara Pringsheim, MD, professor of clinical neurosciences, psychiatry, pediatrics, and community health sciences, University of Calgary (Alta.), praised the research.

“This was a well-designed study, with a large sample of 260 children followed for up to 4 years, using a standardized protocol to assess for group A streptococcal infection and new onset of tics.”

The study, which did not uncover an association between GAS exposure and tic onset, “provides high level evidence that group A streptococcal exposure is not an important risk factor for the new onset of tics in children with a family history of tic disorders.”

The study received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program for research technological development and demonstration. Dr. Schrag reports receiving consultancy or advisory board honoraria from Biogen, Abbvie, Bial, and Neurotechnology; research support from the National Institute of Health Research, Parkinsons UK, and the Economic and Social Research Council and the European Commission; and Royalties from Oxford University Press. Dr. Pringsheim reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection is not associated with new-onset tic disorders in at-risk children, findings from a large prospective study show.

The results mean that if preteens present with a new-onset tic condition, “they’re unlikely to have it as a result of a group A streptococcal throat infection,” study author Anette Eleonore Schrag, MD, PhD, professor, department of clinical neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, told this news organization.

Therefore, clinicians should not automatically prescribe antibiotics for children with tics, which sometimes occurs, said Dr. Schrag.

The study was published online Feb. 2 in Neurology.
 

Ongoing controversy

Research shows that genetic and environmental factors contribute to chronic tic disorders (CTDs) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, as well as psychosocial stress, may play a role.

There has been an ongoing controversy regarding the possible role of GAS in tics, with some studies showing an association and others not showing a link. However, previous studies have been retrospective, registry based, or had limited sample size.

This new prospective study is the first in children without a tic disorder but who were at relatively high risk of developing one. The children were followed to assess development of streptococcal infections and tics, said Dr. Schrag.

The study included 259 children aged 3-10 years (mean baseline age, 6.8 years; over half female) who had a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling with TS or CTD.

The average age at TS onset is 7 years, peaking in prevalence and severity at about 9-12 years. GAS throat infections are common in this age group.

Although study participants did not have tics themselves, they represented “an enriched group,” said Dr. Schrag. “Because they had family history, we knew they were at increased risk for developing tics.”

Participants were evaluated every 2 months, alternating between scheduled hospital visits and telephone interviews. Parents kept a weekly diary and were instructed to bring their child in for assessment if they showed any signs of tics.

The average follow-up period was 1.6 years, but some of the children were followed for up to 48 months. During the study, there were a total of 1,944 assessments, including 939 telephone interviews and 1,005 clinical visits.
 

More common in boys

Investigators defined tic onset as the first occurrence of any sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic involuntary movement and/or vocalization on at least three separate days within a period of 3 weeks.

The investigators assessed GAS exposure using parameters from throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse B titers.

They used multiple definitions and combinations of GAS exposures “to make sure we weren’t missing any association because we didn’t use the right definition,” said Dr. Schrag. She explained a definitive strep infection is not always clear-cut.

At baseline, 17.0% participants tested positive for GAS, and 78.8% tested negative. No throat swab was available from 4.2% of participants.

During follow-up, the number of confirmed positive GAS exposures was 59, 102, 125, and 138, depending on the definition.

Researchers identified 61 tic cases during the study period. There was no evidence of an association of tic onset with GAS exposure after adjusting for age, sex, and parental education level.

However, there was a strong association between tic onset and sex, with girls being 60% less likely to develop tics than boys (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7; P < .01).

This result wasn’t particularly surprising, as it’s known that more boys develop tics than girls. “We just confirmed that in a prospective way,” said Dr. Schrag.

Results from sensitivity analyses confirmed the results. This was also the case with analyses that excluded visits with missing data on GAS exposure and that further adjusted for clinical site and psychotropic medication use.
 

Other pathogens?

Although the results showed no association between strep and tics in this population, it does not “close the door completely” on a potential relationship, said Dr. Schrag.

“By and large, the development of tics in children is not associated with group A strep, but differences in small subgroups can never be excluded by a study like this.”

Participants in this study were part of the European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS), a prospective cohort study exploring the role of environmental and genetic factors in pediatric CTD. That project is also looking at immune system factors, “which might play a role in the development of chronic tic disorder and associated conditions,” said Dr. Schrag.

It’s still possible, she added, that other pathogens could play a role in tic development. “That’s going to be the subject of further analysis and future studies,” she said.

Tamara Pringsheim, MD, professor of clinical neurosciences, psychiatry, pediatrics, and community health sciences, University of Calgary (Alta.), praised the research.

“This was a well-designed study, with a large sample of 260 children followed for up to 4 years, using a standardized protocol to assess for group A streptococcal infection and new onset of tics.”

The study, which did not uncover an association between GAS exposure and tic onset, “provides high level evidence that group A streptococcal exposure is not an important risk factor for the new onset of tics in children with a family history of tic disorders.”

The study received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program for research technological development and demonstration. Dr. Schrag reports receiving consultancy or advisory board honoraria from Biogen, Abbvie, Bial, and Neurotechnology; research support from the National Institute of Health Research, Parkinsons UK, and the Economic and Social Research Council and the European Commission; and Royalties from Oxford University Press. Dr. Pringsheim reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The picture of rebellious teenagers sneaking “shots” has widened beyond breaking into Mom and Dad’s liquor cabinet. For some teens now, it means getting a COVID-19 vaccination without their parents’ consent – and, unlike the cabinet raids for the booze, they have adults willing to endorse the practice.

Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first granted emergency use authorization to Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for teenagers in mid-2021, health officials have had to deal with a small subset of vaccine hesitancy where minors want the shot over the objections of their reluctant parents. The split has buoyed groups that were formed initially to convince teenagers to get vaccinated against other diseases.

When 14-year-old Arin Parsa of San Jose, California founded Teens for Vaccines in 2019 after a measles outbreak among unvaccinated children, “hardly anyone was interested,” he said. “Many teens were into climate change and other causes. Then, when the pandemic hit, so many were suddenly aware.”
 

Heavy toll on teens

Mr. Parsa’s parents fully supported Teens for Vaccines, he said, but he quickly found out how “politicized” COVID shots had become.

“We find people who are sad, angry, and frustrated at this stage of the pandemic,” he told this news organization. “The anti-vax lobby is riding the coat-tails of other movements. It has a very severe effect on their mental health. They can’t go out with their friends and socialize.”

In the pandemic’s initial stages, children were less likely to fall sick with COVID, but the Omicron variant led to a dramatic increase in illnesses among young people. The American Academy of Pediatrics has found that 3.5 million of the 11.4 million pediatric cases of the virus in the United States were reported in January 2022 alone. Meanwhile, vaccination rates for children aged 12-17, which were only 34% in June 2021 and lagged through the fall, are now at about 61% thanks to a sharp uptick during the Omicron surge, according to polling by the Kaiser Family Foundation.

No statistics are available on how many minors have received a COVID vaccine against their parents’ wishes.

“It’s not like there’s a big movement,” said Arthur Caplan, PhD, who heads the Division of Medical Ethics at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine. He said he noticed a divide around the HPV and hepatitis B vaccines. “They were tied up with sexual behavior,” he said, but “there were also some kids whose parents were really antivaxxers.”

Mr. Parsa said his and similar teen-oriented groups, such as VaxTeen, seek to educate their teen cohort, convince family members of the vaccines’ benefits, and to connect them with resources to get a shot. They also strive to change laws to make it easier for teenagers to receive the vaccine.

Consent laws vary from state to state (and within states), and proposed changes are afoot – some to loosen the laws and some to tighten them. Currently a 14-year-old in Alabama may get a COVID shot without parental permission, according to VaxTeen. In California, minors may receive the HPV shot without parental consent but not a COVID vaccine, although groups like Teens for Vaccines are pushing to change that. A bill now before the state legislature, the Teens Choose Vaccines Act (Senate Bill 866), would allow adolescents aged 12 and older to be able receive any FDA-approved vaccine – including COVID vaccines – without parental consent.

A second bill in California, the Keep Schools Open and Safe Act, would add the COVID-19 vaccines to the required list of immunizations needed to attend school in the state as well as eliminate the “personal belief” exemption against immunization. 

California Sen. Richard Pan, MD (D-6th District), cowrote both bills with fellow Democrat Sen. Scott Wiener (D-11th District) and teen advocates from Teens for Vaccines and Generation Up, who helped draft the language in consultation with the lawmakers.  

“As a pediatrician, I have seen all manner of situations where the requirement for a signed form has prevented teens from being able to get a vaccine that otherwise they and their guardians approved of them getting,” Dr. Pan told this news organization. “As a father, I don’t want to see my kids or any teen that wishes to protect themselves from deadly diseases unable to do so, particularly as we continue to fight off the dangers of the COVID-19 pandemic. I always encourage parents or teens that have questions about vaccines to speak directly with their pediatrician.”

Lawmakers in Philadelphia passed a provision last year to allow anyone age 11 or over to get the COVID vaccine without parental permission, keeping it in line with other vaccinations like hepatitis or HPV. “People from surrounding counties have come into the city, but it hasn’t been a huge rush,” says James Garrow, MPH, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Health.
 

Strive for collaboration, but listen to the children

Experts say the best solution is to for a doctor to meet with minors and their reluctant parents to get them on board for a COVID shot.

“Physicians are still the trusted messengers,” said Emma Olivera, MD, a pediatrician in suburban Chicago who advises groups that combat COVID misinformation.

Dr. Olivera said she often finds that internet-savvy teenagers have access to more information than older people, including their parents.  

Thanks to COVID policies, office meetings are “difficult to do,” NYU’s Dr. Caplan added. In such a meeting, Dr. Caplan said he would try to convince the parents that the shots are needed for their children to stay in school or play sports. In the end, he said minors should get the shot but would also notify the parents before that happens: “My duty is to them.”

If parents take opposite stances, the pro-vaccine side is likely to prevail, even in California, said Patrick Baghdaserians, JD, a family law attorney in Pasadena. Mr. Baghdaserians said he is now representing a father who wants his teenager to get vaccinated but the mother doesn’t. “The court will fall on our side,” he predicted.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The picture of rebellious teenagers sneaking “shots” has widened beyond breaking into Mom and Dad’s liquor cabinet. For some teens now, it means getting a COVID-19 vaccination without their parents’ consent – and, unlike the cabinet raids for the booze, they have adults willing to endorse the practice.

Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first granted emergency use authorization to Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for teenagers in mid-2021, health officials have had to deal with a small subset of vaccine hesitancy where minors want the shot over the objections of their reluctant parents. The split has buoyed groups that were formed initially to convince teenagers to get vaccinated against other diseases.

When 14-year-old Arin Parsa of San Jose, California founded Teens for Vaccines in 2019 after a measles outbreak among unvaccinated children, “hardly anyone was interested,” he said. “Many teens were into climate change and other causes. Then, when the pandemic hit, so many were suddenly aware.”
 

Heavy toll on teens

Mr. Parsa’s parents fully supported Teens for Vaccines, he said, but he quickly found out how “politicized” COVID shots had become.

“We find people who are sad, angry, and frustrated at this stage of the pandemic,” he told this news organization. “The anti-vax lobby is riding the coat-tails of other movements. It has a very severe effect on their mental health. They can’t go out with their friends and socialize.”

In the pandemic’s initial stages, children were less likely to fall sick with COVID, but the Omicron variant led to a dramatic increase in illnesses among young people. The American Academy of Pediatrics has found that 3.5 million of the 11.4 million pediatric cases of the virus in the United States were reported in January 2022 alone. Meanwhile, vaccination rates for children aged 12-17, which were only 34% in June 2021 and lagged through the fall, are now at about 61% thanks to a sharp uptick during the Omicron surge, according to polling by the Kaiser Family Foundation.

No statistics are available on how many minors have received a COVID vaccine against their parents’ wishes.

“It’s not like there’s a big movement,” said Arthur Caplan, PhD, who heads the Division of Medical Ethics at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine. He said he noticed a divide around the HPV and hepatitis B vaccines. “They were tied up with sexual behavior,” he said, but “there were also some kids whose parents were really antivaxxers.”

Mr. Parsa said his and similar teen-oriented groups, such as VaxTeen, seek to educate their teen cohort, convince family members of the vaccines’ benefits, and to connect them with resources to get a shot. They also strive to change laws to make it easier for teenagers to receive the vaccine.

Consent laws vary from state to state (and within states), and proposed changes are afoot – some to loosen the laws and some to tighten them. Currently a 14-year-old in Alabama may get a COVID shot without parental permission, according to VaxTeen. In California, minors may receive the HPV shot without parental consent but not a COVID vaccine, although groups like Teens for Vaccines are pushing to change that. A bill now before the state legislature, the Teens Choose Vaccines Act (Senate Bill 866), would allow adolescents aged 12 and older to be able receive any FDA-approved vaccine – including COVID vaccines – without parental consent.

A second bill in California, the Keep Schools Open and Safe Act, would add the COVID-19 vaccines to the required list of immunizations needed to attend school in the state as well as eliminate the “personal belief” exemption against immunization. 

California Sen. Richard Pan, MD (D-6th District), cowrote both bills with fellow Democrat Sen. Scott Wiener (D-11th District) and teen advocates from Teens for Vaccines and Generation Up, who helped draft the language in consultation with the lawmakers.  

“As a pediatrician, I have seen all manner of situations where the requirement for a signed form has prevented teens from being able to get a vaccine that otherwise they and their guardians approved of them getting,” Dr. Pan told this news organization. “As a father, I don’t want to see my kids or any teen that wishes to protect themselves from deadly diseases unable to do so, particularly as we continue to fight off the dangers of the COVID-19 pandemic. I always encourage parents or teens that have questions about vaccines to speak directly with their pediatrician.”

Lawmakers in Philadelphia passed a provision last year to allow anyone age 11 or over to get the COVID vaccine without parental permission, keeping it in line with other vaccinations like hepatitis or HPV. “People from surrounding counties have come into the city, but it hasn’t been a huge rush,” says James Garrow, MPH, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Health.
 

Strive for collaboration, but listen to the children

Experts say the best solution is to for a doctor to meet with minors and their reluctant parents to get them on board for a COVID shot.

“Physicians are still the trusted messengers,” said Emma Olivera, MD, a pediatrician in suburban Chicago who advises groups that combat COVID misinformation.

Dr. Olivera said she often finds that internet-savvy teenagers have access to more information than older people, including their parents.  

Thanks to COVID policies, office meetings are “difficult to do,” NYU’s Dr. Caplan added. In such a meeting, Dr. Caplan said he would try to convince the parents that the shots are needed for their children to stay in school or play sports. In the end, he said minors should get the shot but would also notify the parents before that happens: “My duty is to them.”

If parents take opposite stances, the pro-vaccine side is likely to prevail, even in California, said Patrick Baghdaserians, JD, a family law attorney in Pasadena. Mr. Baghdaserians said he is now representing a father who wants his teenager to get vaccinated but the mother doesn’t. “The court will fall on our side,” he predicted.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The picture of rebellious teenagers sneaking “shots” has widened beyond breaking into Mom and Dad’s liquor cabinet. For some teens now, it means getting a COVID-19 vaccination without their parents’ consent – and, unlike the cabinet raids for the booze, they have adults willing to endorse the practice.

Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first granted emergency use authorization to Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for teenagers in mid-2021, health officials have had to deal with a small subset of vaccine hesitancy where minors want the shot over the objections of their reluctant parents. The split has buoyed groups that were formed initially to convince teenagers to get vaccinated against other diseases.

When 14-year-old Arin Parsa of San Jose, California founded Teens for Vaccines in 2019 after a measles outbreak among unvaccinated children, “hardly anyone was interested,” he said. “Many teens were into climate change and other causes. Then, when the pandemic hit, so many were suddenly aware.”
 

Heavy toll on teens

Mr. Parsa’s parents fully supported Teens for Vaccines, he said, but he quickly found out how “politicized” COVID shots had become.

“We find people who are sad, angry, and frustrated at this stage of the pandemic,” he told this news organization. “The anti-vax lobby is riding the coat-tails of other movements. It has a very severe effect on their mental health. They can’t go out with their friends and socialize.”

In the pandemic’s initial stages, children were less likely to fall sick with COVID, but the Omicron variant led to a dramatic increase in illnesses among young people. The American Academy of Pediatrics has found that 3.5 million of the 11.4 million pediatric cases of the virus in the United States were reported in January 2022 alone. Meanwhile, vaccination rates for children aged 12-17, which were only 34% in June 2021 and lagged through the fall, are now at about 61% thanks to a sharp uptick during the Omicron surge, according to polling by the Kaiser Family Foundation.

No statistics are available on how many minors have received a COVID vaccine against their parents’ wishes.

“It’s not like there’s a big movement,” said Arthur Caplan, PhD, who heads the Division of Medical Ethics at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine. He said he noticed a divide around the HPV and hepatitis B vaccines. “They were tied up with sexual behavior,” he said, but “there were also some kids whose parents were really antivaxxers.”

Mr. Parsa said his and similar teen-oriented groups, such as VaxTeen, seek to educate their teen cohort, convince family members of the vaccines’ benefits, and to connect them with resources to get a shot. They also strive to change laws to make it easier for teenagers to receive the vaccine.

Consent laws vary from state to state (and within states), and proposed changes are afoot – some to loosen the laws and some to tighten them. Currently a 14-year-old in Alabama may get a COVID shot without parental permission, according to VaxTeen. In California, minors may receive the HPV shot without parental consent but not a COVID vaccine, although groups like Teens for Vaccines are pushing to change that. A bill now before the state legislature, the Teens Choose Vaccines Act (Senate Bill 866), would allow adolescents aged 12 and older to be able receive any FDA-approved vaccine – including COVID vaccines – without parental consent.

A second bill in California, the Keep Schools Open and Safe Act, would add the COVID-19 vaccines to the required list of immunizations needed to attend school in the state as well as eliminate the “personal belief” exemption against immunization. 

California Sen. Richard Pan, MD (D-6th District), cowrote both bills with fellow Democrat Sen. Scott Wiener (D-11th District) and teen advocates from Teens for Vaccines and Generation Up, who helped draft the language in consultation with the lawmakers.  

“As a pediatrician, I have seen all manner of situations where the requirement for a signed form has prevented teens from being able to get a vaccine that otherwise they and their guardians approved of them getting,” Dr. Pan told this news organization. “As a father, I don’t want to see my kids or any teen that wishes to protect themselves from deadly diseases unable to do so, particularly as we continue to fight off the dangers of the COVID-19 pandemic. I always encourage parents or teens that have questions about vaccines to speak directly with their pediatrician.”

Lawmakers in Philadelphia passed a provision last year to allow anyone age 11 or over to get the COVID vaccine without parental permission, keeping it in line with other vaccinations like hepatitis or HPV. “People from surrounding counties have come into the city, but it hasn’t been a huge rush,” says James Garrow, MPH, a spokesman for the city’s Department of Health.
 

Strive for collaboration, but listen to the children

Experts say the best solution is to for a doctor to meet with minors and their reluctant parents to get them on board for a COVID shot.

“Physicians are still the trusted messengers,” said Emma Olivera, MD, a pediatrician in suburban Chicago who advises groups that combat COVID misinformation.

Dr. Olivera said she often finds that internet-savvy teenagers have access to more information than older people, including their parents.  

Thanks to COVID policies, office meetings are “difficult to do,” NYU’s Dr. Caplan added. In such a meeting, Dr. Caplan said he would try to convince the parents that the shots are needed for their children to stay in school or play sports. In the end, he said minors should get the shot but would also notify the parents before that happens: “My duty is to them.”

If parents take opposite stances, the pro-vaccine side is likely to prevail, even in California, said Patrick Baghdaserians, JD, a family law attorney in Pasadena. Mr. Baghdaserians said he is now representing a father who wants his teenager to get vaccinated but the mother doesn’t. “The court will fall on our side,” he predicted.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.