Emerging research indicates that phenotype-based testing may help identify which biologic process is driving an individual’s obesity, enabling clinicians to better tailor antiobesity medication (AOM) to the patient.

Currently, patient response to AOMs varies widely, with some patients responding robustly to AOMs and others responding weakly or not at all.

For example, trials of the GLP-1 semaglutide found that 32%-39.6% of people are “super responders,” achieving weight loss in excess of 20%, and a subgroup of 10.2%-16.7% of individuals are nonresponders. Similar variability was found with other AOMs, including the GLP-1 liraglutide and tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist.

Studies of semaglutide suggest that people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) lose less weight on the drug than those without T2D, and men tend to lose less weight than women.

However, little else is known about predictors of response rates for various AOMs, and medication selection is typically based on patient or physician preference, comorbidities, medication interactions, and insurance coverage.

Although definitions of a “nonresponder” vary, the Endocrine Society’s latest guideline, which many clinicians follow, states that an AOM is considered effective if patients lose more than 5% of their body weight within 3 months.

Can nonresponders and lower responders be identified and helped? Yes, but it’s complicated.

“Treating obesity effectively means recognizing that not all patients respond the same way to the same treatment, and that’s not a failure; it’s a signal,” said Andres Acosta, MD, PhD, an obesity expert at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and a cofounder of Phenomix Sciences, a biotech company in Menlo Park, California.

“Obesity is not a single disease. It’s a complex, multifactorial condition driven by diverse biological pathways,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “Semaglutide and other GLP-1s primarily act by reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying, but not all patients have obesity that is primarily driven by appetite dysregulation.”

 

Phenotype-Based Profiling

Figuring out what drives an individual’s obesity is where a phenotype-based profiling test could possibly help.

Acosta and colleagues previously used a variety of validated studies and questionnaires to identify four phenotypes that represent distinct biologic drivers of obesity: hungry brain (abnormal satiation), emotional hunger (hedonic eating), hungry gut (abnormal satiety), and slow burn (decreased metabolic rate). In their pragmatic clinical trial, phenotype-guided AOM selection was associated with 1.75-fold greater weight loss after 12 months than the standard approach to drug selection, with mean weight loss of 15.9% and 9%, respectively.

“If a patient’s obesity isn’t primarily rooted in the mechanisms targeted by a particular drug, their response will naturally be limited,” Acosta said. “It’s not that they’re failing the medication; the medication simply isn’t the right match for their biology.”

For their new study, published online in Cell Metabolism, Acosta and colleagues built on their previous research by analyzing the genetic and nongenetic factors that influenced calories needed to reach satiation (Calories to Satiation [CTS]) in adults with obesity. They then used machine learning techniques to develop a CTS gene risk score (CTS-GRS) that could be measured by a DNA saliva test.

The study included 717 adults with obesity (mean age, 41; 75% women) with marked variability in satiation, ranging from 140 to 2166 kcals to reach satiation.

CTS was assessed through an ad libitum meal, combined with physiological and behavioral evaluations, including calorimetry, imaging, blood sampling, and gastric emptying tests. The largest contributors to CTS variability were sex and genetic factors, while other anthropometric measurements played lesser roles.

Various analyses and assessments of participants’ CTS-GRS scores showed that individuals with a high CTS-GRS, or hungry brain phenotype, experienced significantly greater weight loss when treated with phentermine/topiramate than those with a low CTS-GRS, or hungry gut, phenotype. After 52 weeks of treatment, individuals with the hungry brain phenotype lost an average of 17.4% of their body weight compared with 11.2% in those with the hungry gut phenotype.

An analysis of a separate 16-week study showed that patients with the hungry gut phenotype responded better to the GLP-1 liraglutide, losing 6.4% total body weight, compared to 3.3% for those with the hungry brain phenotype.

Overall, the CTS-GRS test predicted drug response with up to 84% accuracy (area under the curve, 0.76 in men and 0.84 in women). The authors acknowledged that these results need to be replicated prospectively and in more diverse populations to validate the test’s predictive ability.

“This kind of phenotype-based profiling allows us to predict which patients are more likely to respond and who might need a different intervention,” Acosta said. “It’s a critical step toward eliminating trial-and-error in obesity treatment.”

The test (MyPhenome test) is used at more than 80 healthcare clinics in the United States, according to Phenomix Sciences, which manufactures it. A company spokesperson said the test does not require FDA approval because it is used to predict obesity phenotypes to help inform treatment, but not to identify specific medications or other interventions. “If it were to do the latter,” the spokesperson said, “it would be considered a ‘companion diagnostic’ and subject to the FDA clearance process.”

 

What to Do if an AOM Isn’t Working?

It’s one thing to predict whether an individual might do better on one drug vs another, but what should clinicians do meanwhile to optimize weight loss for their patients who may be struggling on a particular drug?

“Efforts to predict the response to GLP-1 therapy have been a hot topic,” noted Sriram Machineni, MD, associate professor at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, and founding director of the Fleischer Institute Medical Weight Center at Montefiore Einstein. Although the current study showed that genetic testing could predict responders, like Acosta, he agreed that the results need to be replicated in a prospective manner.

“In the absence of a validated tool for predicting response to specific medications, we use a prioritization process for trialing medications,” Machineni told GI & Hepatology News. “The prioritization is based on the suitability of the side-effect profile to the specific patient, including contraindications; benefits independent of weight loss, such as cardiovascular protection for semaglutide; average efficacy; and financial accessibility for patients.”

Predicting responders isn’t straightforward, said Robert Kushner, MD, professor of medicine and medical education at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University and medical director of the Wellness Institute at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

“Despite looking at baseline demographic data such as race, ethnicity, age, weight, and BMI, we are unable to predict who will lose more or less weight,” he told GI & Hepatology News. The one exception is that women generally lose more weight than men. “However, even among females, we cannot discern which females will lose more weight than other females,” he said.

If an individual is not showing sufficient weight loss on a particular medication, “we first explore potential reasons that can be addressed, such as the patient is not taking the medication or is skipping doses,” Kushner said. If need be, they discuss changing to a different drug to improve compliance. He also stresses the importance of making lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity for patients taking AOMs.

Often patients who do not lose at least 5% of their weight within 3 months are not likely to respond well to that medication even if they remain on it. “So, early response rates determine longer-term success,” Kushner said.

Acosta said that if a patient isn’t responding to one class of medication, he pivots to a treatment better aligned with their phenotype. “That could mean switching from a GLP-1 to a medication like [naltrexone/bupropion] or trying a new method altogether,” he said. “The key is that the treatment decision is rooted in the patient’s biology, not just a reaction to short-term results. We also emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up and support.”

The goal isn’t just weight loss but also improved health and quality of life, Acosta said. “Whether through medication, surgery, or behavior change, what matters most is tailoring the care plan to each individual’s unique biology and needs.”

The new study received support from the Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Trials Unit, Vivus Inc., and Phenomix Sciences. Acosta is supported by a National Institutes of Health grant.

Acosta is a co-founder and inventor of intellectual property licensed to Phenomix Sciences Inc.; has served as a consultant for Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Gila Therapeutics, Amgen, General Mills, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax Pharmaceuticals, Nestlé, Bausch Health, and Rare Diseases; and has received research support or had contracts with Vivus Inc., Satiogen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Machineni has been involved in semaglutide and tirzepatide clinical trials and has been a consultant to Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Kushner is on the scientific advisory board for Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Emerging research indicates that phenotype-based testing may help identify which biologic process is driving an individual’s obesity, enabling clinicians to better tailor antiobesity medication (AOM) to the patient.

Currently, patient response to AOMs varies widely, with some patients responding robustly to AOMs and others responding weakly or not at all.

For example, trials of the GLP-1 semaglutide found that 32%-39.6% of people are “super responders,” achieving weight loss in excess of 20%, and a subgroup of 10.2%-16.7% of individuals are nonresponders. Similar variability was found with other AOMs, including the GLP-1 liraglutide and tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist.

Studies of semaglutide suggest that people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) lose less weight on the drug than those without T2D, and men tend to lose less weight than women.

However, little else is known about predictors of response rates for various AOMs, and medication selection is typically based on patient or physician preference, comorbidities, medication interactions, and insurance coverage.

Although definitions of a “nonresponder” vary, the Endocrine Society’s latest guideline, which many clinicians follow, states that an AOM is considered effective if patients lose more than 5% of their body weight within 3 months.

Can nonresponders and lower responders be identified and helped? Yes, but it’s complicated.

“Treating obesity effectively means recognizing that not all patients respond the same way to the same treatment, and that’s not a failure; it’s a signal,” said Andres Acosta, MD, PhD, an obesity expert at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and a cofounder of Phenomix Sciences, a biotech company in Menlo Park, California.

“Obesity is not a single disease. It’s a complex, multifactorial condition driven by diverse biological pathways,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “Semaglutide and other GLP-1s primarily act by reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying, but not all patients have obesity that is primarily driven by appetite dysregulation.”

 

Phenotype-Based Profiling

Figuring out what drives an individual’s obesity is where a phenotype-based profiling test could possibly help.

Acosta and colleagues previously used a variety of validated studies and questionnaires to identify four phenotypes that represent distinct biologic drivers of obesity: hungry brain (abnormal satiation), emotional hunger (hedonic eating), hungry gut (abnormal satiety), and slow burn (decreased metabolic rate). In their pragmatic clinical trial, phenotype-guided AOM selection was associated with 1.75-fold greater weight loss after 12 months than the standard approach to drug selection, with mean weight loss of 15.9% and 9%, respectively.

“If a patient’s obesity isn’t primarily rooted in the mechanisms targeted by a particular drug, their response will naturally be limited,” Acosta said. “It’s not that they’re failing the medication; the medication simply isn’t the right match for their biology.”

For their new study, published online in Cell Metabolism, Acosta and colleagues built on their previous research by analyzing the genetic and nongenetic factors that influenced calories needed to reach satiation (Calories to Satiation [CTS]) in adults with obesity. They then used machine learning techniques to develop a CTS gene risk score (CTS-GRS) that could be measured by a DNA saliva test.

The study included 717 adults with obesity (mean age, 41; 75% women) with marked variability in satiation, ranging from 140 to 2166 kcals to reach satiation.

CTS was assessed through an ad libitum meal, combined with physiological and behavioral evaluations, including calorimetry, imaging, blood sampling, and gastric emptying tests. The largest contributors to CTS variability were sex and genetic factors, while other anthropometric measurements played lesser roles.

Various analyses and assessments of participants’ CTS-GRS scores showed that individuals with a high CTS-GRS, or hungry brain phenotype, experienced significantly greater weight loss when treated with phentermine/topiramate than those with a low CTS-GRS, or hungry gut, phenotype. After 52 weeks of treatment, individuals with the hungry brain phenotype lost an average of 17.4% of their body weight compared with 11.2% in those with the hungry gut phenotype.

An analysis of a separate 16-week study showed that patients with the hungry gut phenotype responded better to the GLP-1 liraglutide, losing 6.4% total body weight, compared to 3.3% for those with the hungry brain phenotype.

Overall, the CTS-GRS test predicted drug response with up to 84% accuracy (area under the curve, 0.76 in men and 0.84 in women). The authors acknowledged that these results need to be replicated prospectively and in more diverse populations to validate the test’s predictive ability.

“This kind of phenotype-based profiling allows us to predict which patients are more likely to respond and who might need a different intervention,” Acosta said. “It’s a critical step toward eliminating trial-and-error in obesity treatment.”

The test (MyPhenome test) is used at more than 80 healthcare clinics in the United States, according to Phenomix Sciences, which manufactures it. A company spokesperson said the test does not require FDA approval because it is used to predict obesity phenotypes to help inform treatment, but not to identify specific medications or other interventions. “If it were to do the latter,” the spokesperson said, “it would be considered a ‘companion diagnostic’ and subject to the FDA clearance process.”

 

What to Do if an AOM Isn’t Working?

It’s one thing to predict whether an individual might do better on one drug vs another, but what should clinicians do meanwhile to optimize weight loss for their patients who may be struggling on a particular drug?

“Efforts to predict the response to GLP-1 therapy have been a hot topic,” noted Sriram Machineni, MD, associate professor at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, and founding director of the Fleischer Institute Medical Weight Center at Montefiore Einstein. Although the current study showed that genetic testing could predict responders, like Acosta, he agreed that the results need to be replicated in a prospective manner.

“In the absence of a validated tool for predicting response to specific medications, we use a prioritization process for trialing medications,” Machineni told GI & Hepatology News. “The prioritization is based on the suitability of the side-effect profile to the specific patient, including contraindications; benefits independent of weight loss, such as cardiovascular protection for semaglutide; average efficacy; and financial accessibility for patients.”

Predicting responders isn’t straightforward, said Robert Kushner, MD, professor of medicine and medical education at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University and medical director of the Wellness Institute at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

“Despite looking at baseline demographic data such as race, ethnicity, age, weight, and BMI, we are unable to predict who will lose more or less weight,” he told GI & Hepatology News. The one exception is that women generally lose more weight than men. “However, even among females, we cannot discern which females will lose more weight than other females,” he said.

If an individual is not showing sufficient weight loss on a particular medication, “we first explore potential reasons that can be addressed, such as the patient is not taking the medication or is skipping doses,” Kushner said. If need be, they discuss changing to a different drug to improve compliance. He also stresses the importance of making lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity for patients taking AOMs.

Often patients who do not lose at least 5% of their weight within 3 months are not likely to respond well to that medication even if they remain on it. “So, early response rates determine longer-term success,” Kushner said.

Acosta said that if a patient isn’t responding to one class of medication, he pivots to a treatment better aligned with their phenotype. “That could mean switching from a GLP-1 to a medication like [naltrexone/bupropion] or trying a new method altogether,” he said. “The key is that the treatment decision is rooted in the patient’s biology, not just a reaction to short-term results. We also emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up and support.”

The goal isn’t just weight loss but also improved health and quality of life, Acosta said. “Whether through medication, surgery, or behavior change, what matters most is tailoring the care plan to each individual’s unique biology and needs.”

The new study received support from the Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Trials Unit, Vivus Inc., and Phenomix Sciences. Acosta is supported by a National Institutes of Health grant.

Acosta is a co-founder and inventor of intellectual property licensed to Phenomix Sciences Inc.; has served as a consultant for Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Gila Therapeutics, Amgen, General Mills, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax Pharmaceuticals, Nestlé, Bausch Health, and Rare Diseases; and has received research support or had contracts with Vivus Inc., Satiogen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Machineni has been involved in semaglutide and tirzepatide clinical trials and has been a consultant to Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Kushner is on the scientific advisory board for Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Emerging research indicates that phenotype-based testing may help identify which biologic process is driving an individual’s obesity, enabling clinicians to better tailor antiobesity medication (AOM) to the patient.

Currently, patient response to AOMs varies widely, with some patients responding robustly to AOMs and others responding weakly or not at all.

For example, trials of the GLP-1 semaglutide found that 32%-39.6% of people are “super responders,” achieving weight loss in excess of 20%, and a subgroup of 10.2%-16.7% of individuals are nonresponders. Similar variability was found with other AOMs, including the GLP-1 liraglutide and tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist.

Studies of semaglutide suggest that people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) lose less weight on the drug than those without T2D, and men tend to lose less weight than women.

However, little else is known about predictors of response rates for various AOMs, and medication selection is typically based on patient or physician preference, comorbidities, medication interactions, and insurance coverage.

Although definitions of a “nonresponder” vary, the Endocrine Society’s latest guideline, which many clinicians follow, states that an AOM is considered effective if patients lose more than 5% of their body weight within 3 months.

Can nonresponders and lower responders be identified and helped? Yes, but it’s complicated.

“Treating obesity effectively means recognizing that not all patients respond the same way to the same treatment, and that’s not a failure; it’s a signal,” said Andres Acosta, MD, PhD, an obesity expert at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and a cofounder of Phenomix Sciences, a biotech company in Menlo Park, California.

“Obesity is not a single disease. It’s a complex, multifactorial condition driven by diverse biological pathways,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “Semaglutide and other GLP-1s primarily act by reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying, but not all patients have obesity that is primarily driven by appetite dysregulation.”

 

Phenotype-Based Profiling

Figuring out what drives an individual’s obesity is where a phenotype-based profiling test could possibly help.

Acosta and colleagues previously used a variety of validated studies and questionnaires to identify four phenotypes that represent distinct biologic drivers of obesity: hungry brain (abnormal satiation), emotional hunger (hedonic eating), hungry gut (abnormal satiety), and slow burn (decreased metabolic rate). In their pragmatic clinical trial, phenotype-guided AOM selection was associated with 1.75-fold greater weight loss after 12 months than the standard approach to drug selection, with mean weight loss of 15.9% and 9%, respectively.

“If a patient’s obesity isn’t primarily rooted in the mechanisms targeted by a particular drug, their response will naturally be limited,” Acosta said. “It’s not that they’re failing the medication; the medication simply isn’t the right match for their biology.”

For their new study, published online in Cell Metabolism, Acosta and colleagues built on their previous research by analyzing the genetic and nongenetic factors that influenced calories needed to reach satiation (Calories to Satiation [CTS]) in adults with obesity. They then used machine learning techniques to develop a CTS gene risk score (CTS-GRS) that could be measured by a DNA saliva test.

The study included 717 adults with obesity (mean age, 41; 75% women) with marked variability in satiation, ranging from 140 to 2166 kcals to reach satiation.

CTS was assessed through an ad libitum meal, combined with physiological and behavioral evaluations, including calorimetry, imaging, blood sampling, and gastric emptying tests. The largest contributors to CTS variability were sex and genetic factors, while other anthropometric measurements played lesser roles.

Various analyses and assessments of participants’ CTS-GRS scores showed that individuals with a high CTS-GRS, or hungry brain phenotype, experienced significantly greater weight loss when treated with phentermine/topiramate than those with a low CTS-GRS, or hungry gut, phenotype. After 52 weeks of treatment, individuals with the hungry brain phenotype lost an average of 17.4% of their body weight compared with 11.2% in those with the hungry gut phenotype.

An analysis of a separate 16-week study showed that patients with the hungry gut phenotype responded better to the GLP-1 liraglutide, losing 6.4% total body weight, compared to 3.3% for those with the hungry brain phenotype.

Overall, the CTS-GRS test predicted drug response with up to 84% accuracy (area under the curve, 0.76 in men and 0.84 in women). The authors acknowledged that these results need to be replicated prospectively and in more diverse populations to validate the test’s predictive ability.

“This kind of phenotype-based profiling allows us to predict which patients are more likely to respond and who might need a different intervention,” Acosta said. “It’s a critical step toward eliminating trial-and-error in obesity treatment.”

The test (MyPhenome test) is used at more than 80 healthcare clinics in the United States, according to Phenomix Sciences, which manufactures it. A company spokesperson said the test does not require FDA approval because it is used to predict obesity phenotypes to help inform treatment, but not to identify specific medications or other interventions. “If it were to do the latter,” the spokesperson said, “it would be considered a ‘companion diagnostic’ and subject to the FDA clearance process.”

 

What to Do if an AOM Isn’t Working?

It’s one thing to predict whether an individual might do better on one drug vs another, but what should clinicians do meanwhile to optimize weight loss for their patients who may be struggling on a particular drug?

“Efforts to predict the response to GLP-1 therapy have been a hot topic,” noted Sriram Machineni, MD, associate professor at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, and founding director of the Fleischer Institute Medical Weight Center at Montefiore Einstein. Although the current study showed that genetic testing could predict responders, like Acosta, he agreed that the results need to be replicated in a prospective manner.

“In the absence of a validated tool for predicting response to specific medications, we use a prioritization process for trialing medications,” Machineni told GI & Hepatology News. “The prioritization is based on the suitability of the side-effect profile to the specific patient, including contraindications; benefits independent of weight loss, such as cardiovascular protection for semaglutide; average efficacy; and financial accessibility for patients.”

Predicting responders isn’t straightforward, said Robert Kushner, MD, professor of medicine and medical education at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University and medical director of the Wellness Institute at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

“Despite looking at baseline demographic data such as race, ethnicity, age, weight, and BMI, we are unable to predict who will lose more or less weight,” he told GI & Hepatology News. The one exception is that women generally lose more weight than men. “However, even among females, we cannot discern which females will lose more weight than other females,” he said.

If an individual is not showing sufficient weight loss on a particular medication, “we first explore potential reasons that can be addressed, such as the patient is not taking the medication or is skipping doses,” Kushner said. If need be, they discuss changing to a different drug to improve compliance. He also stresses the importance of making lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity for patients taking AOMs.

Often patients who do not lose at least 5% of their weight within 3 months are not likely to respond well to that medication even if they remain on it. “So, early response rates determine longer-term success,” Kushner said.

Acosta said that if a patient isn’t responding to one class of medication, he pivots to a treatment better aligned with their phenotype. “That could mean switching from a GLP-1 to a medication like [naltrexone/bupropion] or trying a new method altogether,” he said. “The key is that the treatment decision is rooted in the patient’s biology, not just a reaction to short-term results. We also emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up and support.”

The goal isn’t just weight loss but also improved health and quality of life, Acosta said. “Whether through medication, surgery, or behavior change, what matters most is tailoring the care plan to each individual’s unique biology and needs.”

The new study received support from the Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Trials Unit, Vivus Inc., and Phenomix Sciences. Acosta is supported by a National Institutes of Health grant.

Acosta is a co-founder and inventor of intellectual property licensed to Phenomix Sciences Inc.; has served as a consultant for Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Gila Therapeutics, Amgen, General Mills, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax Pharmaceuticals, Nestlé, Bausch Health, and Rare Diseases; and has received research support or had contracts with Vivus Inc., Satiogen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Machineni has been involved in semaglutide and tirzepatide clinical trials and has been a consultant to Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Kushner is on the scientific advisory board for Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Low rates of retained gastric contents were seen in endoscopy patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists ( RAs), a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional analysis reported in The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Moreover, most instances occurred in patients using the drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D) rather than for weight loss alone.

The findings suggest adopting an individualized approach rather than universal preoperative withholding of GLP-1 RAs before endoscopy, concluded Jennifer Phan, MD, medical director of the Hoag Advanced Endoscopy Center in Newport Beach, California, and colleagues. These agents are associated with slowed gastric emptying, possibly raising the risk for pulmonary aspiration. The study identified comorbid uncontrolled T2D as a risk factor for retained gastric contents.

Recommendations from gastroenterological societies and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) differ regarding pre-endoscopic holding of these ubiquitous agents used for obesity and T2D. “Many patients undergo routine endoscopic procedures, and there was concern from the anesthesia safety perspective for retained gastric contents,” Phan told GI & Hepatology News. “At first these events were seen in a handful of cases; however, out of precaution this resulted in a statement from the ASA recommending that patients hold their GLP-1 medications for at least 1 week prior to a routine endoscopic procedure.”

That guidance resulted in protocol changes within endoscopy units, cancelled procedures, and potential delays in patient care. “We wanted to study whether this concern was clinically valid and to help identify which subgroup of patients are at highest risk in order to best inform anesthesia and endoscopy practices,” Phan added.

The ASA updated its guidance in 2023.

The current study aligns with other research showing that rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents are < 10%, Phan said. For instance, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) published a rapid clinical practice update in November 2023 that found insufficient evidence to support patients stopping the medications before endoscopic procedures. AGA guidance suggests an individual approach for each patient on a GLP-1 RA rather than a blanket statement on how to manage all patients taking the medications.

“Our initial hypothesis was that the rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents in patients on GLP-1 RA medications would be low,” Phan noted. “This was born out of anecdotal experience of the limited number of aborted procedures we experienced before the ASA statement.” 

Her group also hypothesized that the indication for which the GLP-1 RA was prescribed would be important, with patients taking GLP-1 RA medications for diabetes potentially having a higher likelihood of retained contents given the concomitant propensity for delayed gastric motility related to uncontrolled hyperglycemia.

 

The Study

The investigators identified 815 patients on confirmed GLP-1 RA medications of various types receiving endoscopy from 2021 to 2023 at four centers. Demographics, prescribing practices, and procedure outcomes were captured. GLP-1 RA management of preoperative holding was retroactively classified per ASA guidance.

Of the 815 patients (mean age, 67.7 years; 57.7% women; 53.9% White individuals), 70 (8.7%) exhibited retained gastric contents on endoscopy. Of these 65 (93%) had T2D with a median A1c of 6.5%. Among those with retained contents, most had a minimal (10, 14.3%) or moderate (31, 44.3%) amount of food retained, although 29 (41.4%) had a large quantity. Only one patient required unplanned intubation because of a large quantity of residual content, and none had aspiration events.

In multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of retention in those with diabetes was 4.1. “Given the predominance of diabetes in those with retained gastric contents, we highlight the potential to risk-stratify patients who require further preprocedural consideration,” the authors wrote.

Those with GLP-1 RA held per ASA guidance (406, 49.8%) were less likely to have retained contents (4.4% vs 12.7%; P < .001), but no significant differences for intubation (0% vs 2%; P = .53) or aborting procedure rates (28% vs 18%; P = .40) due to gastric retention were observed.

On multivariable analysis, the likelihood of food retention increased by 36% (95% CI, 1.15-1.60) for every 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin after adjusting for GLP-1 RA type and preoperative medication hold.

“Our study can help to differentiate which patients can be at largest risk for retained gastric contents,” Phan said, noting the impact of increasing percentages of A1C. “There’s a 36% increased likelihood of food retention in patients on GLP-1 medications, so a blanket policy to hold GLP-1s in patients who are nondiabetic and taking the medication for obesity may not be the best approach. But if patients have uncontrolled hyperglycemia, then an approach of caution is clinically valid.” In that context, holding the GLP-1 RA injection or lengthening the preoperative clear-liquid diet policy should be considered.

She noted that the study results are generalizable because the study was conducted across multiple types of hospital systems, both university and county, and included all types of GLP-1 RA.

Offering an anesthesiologist’s perspective on the study, Paul Potnuru, MD, an assistant professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at UTHealth Houston and not involved in the study, called the findings “somewhat reassuring” but said the risk for aspiration was still a consideration.

A recent review, however, reported that the risk for GLP-1 RA-associated pulmonary aspiration was low.

Potnuru acknowledged that the original ASA guidance on preoperative GLP-1 RA cessation led to some confusion. “There were not a lot of data on the issue, but some studies found that even with stopping GLP-1s 2 weeks preoperatively some patients still retained gastric content,” he told GI & Hepatology News.

A study at his center recently reported that 56% of GLP-1 RA users had increased pre-anesthesia residual gastric content compared with 19% of nonusers.

From the anesthesiologist’s clinical vantage point, the margin of safety is an issue even if aspiration risk is low. “If there’s a 1 in 1000 chance or even a 1 in 3000 chance, that can be considered too high,” Potnuru said.

He further noted that the current study included only 815 patients, not nearly enough for definitive data. In addition, a retrospective study based on medical records can’t really capture all the real-world procedural changes made in the operating room. “It’s common for anesthesiologists not to document all cases of intubation, for example,” he said.

While the ideal is a completely empty stomach, he agreed that a practical alternative to stopping GLP-1 RA therapy, especially that prescribed for diabetes, would be a 24-hour liquid diet, which would clear the stomach quickly. “If you stop these drugs in patients taking them for diabetes, you get a worsening of their glycemic control,” he said.

He noted that patients have different risk tolerances, with some willing to go ahead even if ultrasound shows gastric retention, while some opt to cancel.

Prospective studies are needed, Potnuru added, “because you find more if you know what you’re looking for.” His center is starting a clinical trial in 150 patients to assess the impact of a 24-hour, liquids-only diet on gastric retention.

According to Phan, other research is following GLP-1 RA users undergoing colonoscopy. “Future studies can look at the added value of point-of-care abdominal ultrasound to see if it increases precision preoperative management in these patients on GLP-1 medications.”

Other groups are examining the safety of these agents in the general context of sedation. “It’s worth noting that the studies are being done on currently available medications and may not apply to future medications such as triple agonists or anti-amylins that may come on the market in the near future,” Phan said.

This study received no financial support. Neither the study authors nor Potnuru had any conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Low rates of retained gastric contents were seen in endoscopy patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists ( RAs), a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional analysis reported in The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Moreover, most instances occurred in patients using the drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D) rather than for weight loss alone.

The findings suggest adopting an individualized approach rather than universal preoperative withholding of GLP-1 RAs before endoscopy, concluded Jennifer Phan, MD, medical director of the Hoag Advanced Endoscopy Center in Newport Beach, California, and colleagues. These agents are associated with slowed gastric emptying, possibly raising the risk for pulmonary aspiration. The study identified comorbid uncontrolled T2D as a risk factor for retained gastric contents.

Recommendations from gastroenterological societies and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) differ regarding pre-endoscopic holding of these ubiquitous agents used for obesity and T2D. “Many patients undergo routine endoscopic procedures, and there was concern from the anesthesia safety perspective for retained gastric contents,” Phan told GI & Hepatology News. “At first these events were seen in a handful of cases; however, out of precaution this resulted in a statement from the ASA recommending that patients hold their GLP-1 medications for at least 1 week prior to a routine endoscopic procedure.”

That guidance resulted in protocol changes within endoscopy units, cancelled procedures, and potential delays in patient care. “We wanted to study whether this concern was clinically valid and to help identify which subgroup of patients are at highest risk in order to best inform anesthesia and endoscopy practices,” Phan added.

The ASA updated its guidance in 2023.

The current study aligns with other research showing that rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents are < 10%, Phan said. For instance, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) published a rapid clinical practice update in November 2023 that found insufficient evidence to support patients stopping the medications before endoscopic procedures. AGA guidance suggests an individual approach for each patient on a GLP-1 RA rather than a blanket statement on how to manage all patients taking the medications.

“Our initial hypothesis was that the rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents in patients on GLP-1 RA medications would be low,” Phan noted. “This was born out of anecdotal experience of the limited number of aborted procedures we experienced before the ASA statement.” 

Her group also hypothesized that the indication for which the GLP-1 RA was prescribed would be important, with patients taking GLP-1 RA medications for diabetes potentially having a higher likelihood of retained contents given the concomitant propensity for delayed gastric motility related to uncontrolled hyperglycemia.

 

The Study

The investigators identified 815 patients on confirmed GLP-1 RA medications of various types receiving endoscopy from 2021 to 2023 at four centers. Demographics, prescribing practices, and procedure outcomes were captured. GLP-1 RA management of preoperative holding was retroactively classified per ASA guidance.

Of the 815 patients (mean age, 67.7 years; 57.7% women; 53.9% White individuals), 70 (8.7%) exhibited retained gastric contents on endoscopy. Of these 65 (93%) had T2D with a median A1c of 6.5%. Among those with retained contents, most had a minimal (10, 14.3%) or moderate (31, 44.3%) amount of food retained, although 29 (41.4%) had a large quantity. Only one patient required unplanned intubation because of a large quantity of residual content, and none had aspiration events.

In multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of retention in those with diabetes was 4.1. “Given the predominance of diabetes in those with retained gastric contents, we highlight the potential to risk-stratify patients who require further preprocedural consideration,” the authors wrote.

Those with GLP-1 RA held per ASA guidance (406, 49.8%) were less likely to have retained contents (4.4% vs 12.7%; P < .001), but no significant differences for intubation (0% vs 2%; P = .53) or aborting procedure rates (28% vs 18%; P = .40) due to gastric retention were observed.

On multivariable analysis, the likelihood of food retention increased by 36% (95% CI, 1.15-1.60) for every 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin after adjusting for GLP-1 RA type and preoperative medication hold.

“Our study can help to differentiate which patients can be at largest risk for retained gastric contents,” Phan said, noting the impact of increasing percentages of A1C. “There’s a 36% increased likelihood of food retention in patients on GLP-1 medications, so a blanket policy to hold GLP-1s in patients who are nondiabetic and taking the medication for obesity may not be the best approach. But if patients have uncontrolled hyperglycemia, then an approach of caution is clinically valid.” In that context, holding the GLP-1 RA injection or lengthening the preoperative clear-liquid diet policy should be considered.

She noted that the study results are generalizable because the study was conducted across multiple types of hospital systems, both university and county, and included all types of GLP-1 RA.

Offering an anesthesiologist’s perspective on the study, Paul Potnuru, MD, an assistant professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at UTHealth Houston and not involved in the study, called the findings “somewhat reassuring” but said the risk for aspiration was still a consideration.

A recent review, however, reported that the risk for GLP-1 RA-associated pulmonary aspiration was low.

Potnuru acknowledged that the original ASA guidance on preoperative GLP-1 RA cessation led to some confusion. “There were not a lot of data on the issue, but some studies found that even with stopping GLP-1s 2 weeks preoperatively some patients still retained gastric content,” he told GI & Hepatology News.

A study at his center recently reported that 56% of GLP-1 RA users had increased pre-anesthesia residual gastric content compared with 19% of nonusers.

From the anesthesiologist’s clinical vantage point, the margin of safety is an issue even if aspiration risk is low. “If there’s a 1 in 1000 chance or even a 1 in 3000 chance, that can be considered too high,” Potnuru said.

He further noted that the current study included only 815 patients, not nearly enough for definitive data. In addition, a retrospective study based on medical records can’t really capture all the real-world procedural changes made in the operating room. “It’s common for anesthesiologists not to document all cases of intubation, for example,” he said.

While the ideal is a completely empty stomach, he agreed that a practical alternative to stopping GLP-1 RA therapy, especially that prescribed for diabetes, would be a 24-hour liquid diet, which would clear the stomach quickly. “If you stop these drugs in patients taking them for diabetes, you get a worsening of their glycemic control,” he said.

He noted that patients have different risk tolerances, with some willing to go ahead even if ultrasound shows gastric retention, while some opt to cancel.

Prospective studies are needed, Potnuru added, “because you find more if you know what you’re looking for.” His center is starting a clinical trial in 150 patients to assess the impact of a 24-hour, liquids-only diet on gastric retention.

According to Phan, other research is following GLP-1 RA users undergoing colonoscopy. “Future studies can look at the added value of point-of-care abdominal ultrasound to see if it increases precision preoperative management in these patients on GLP-1 medications.”

Other groups are examining the safety of these agents in the general context of sedation. “It’s worth noting that the studies are being done on currently available medications and may not apply to future medications such as triple agonists or anti-amylins that may come on the market in the near future,” Phan said.

This study received no financial support. Neither the study authors nor Potnuru had any conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Low rates of retained gastric contents were seen in endoscopy patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists ( RAs), a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional analysis reported in The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Moreover, most instances occurred in patients using the drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D) rather than for weight loss alone.

The findings suggest adopting an individualized approach rather than universal preoperative withholding of GLP-1 RAs before endoscopy, concluded Jennifer Phan, MD, medical director of the Hoag Advanced Endoscopy Center in Newport Beach, California, and colleagues. These agents are associated with slowed gastric emptying, possibly raising the risk for pulmonary aspiration. The study identified comorbid uncontrolled T2D as a risk factor for retained gastric contents.

Recommendations from gastroenterological societies and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) differ regarding pre-endoscopic holding of these ubiquitous agents used for obesity and T2D. “Many patients undergo routine endoscopic procedures, and there was concern from the anesthesia safety perspective for retained gastric contents,” Phan told GI & Hepatology News. “At first these events were seen in a handful of cases; however, out of precaution this resulted in a statement from the ASA recommending that patients hold their GLP-1 medications for at least 1 week prior to a routine endoscopic procedure.”

That guidance resulted in protocol changes within endoscopy units, cancelled procedures, and potential delays in patient care. “We wanted to study whether this concern was clinically valid and to help identify which subgroup of patients are at highest risk in order to best inform anesthesia and endoscopy practices,” Phan added.

The ASA updated its guidance in 2023.

The current study aligns with other research showing that rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents are < 10%, Phan said. For instance, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) published a rapid clinical practice update in November 2023 that found insufficient evidence to support patients stopping the medications before endoscopic procedures. AGA guidance suggests an individual approach for each patient on a GLP-1 RA rather than a blanket statement on how to manage all patients taking the medications.

“Our initial hypothesis was that the rates of clinically relevant retained gastric contents in patients on GLP-1 RA medications would be low,” Phan noted. “This was born out of anecdotal experience of the limited number of aborted procedures we experienced before the ASA statement.” 

Her group also hypothesized that the indication for which the GLP-1 RA was prescribed would be important, with patients taking GLP-1 RA medications for diabetes potentially having a higher likelihood of retained contents given the concomitant propensity for delayed gastric motility related to uncontrolled hyperglycemia.

 

The Study

The investigators identified 815 patients on confirmed GLP-1 RA medications of various types receiving endoscopy from 2021 to 2023 at four centers. Demographics, prescribing practices, and procedure outcomes were captured. GLP-1 RA management of preoperative holding was retroactively classified per ASA guidance.

Of the 815 patients (mean age, 67.7 years; 57.7% women; 53.9% White individuals), 70 (8.7%) exhibited retained gastric contents on endoscopy. Of these 65 (93%) had T2D with a median A1c of 6.5%. Among those with retained contents, most had a minimal (10, 14.3%) or moderate (31, 44.3%) amount of food retained, although 29 (41.4%) had a large quantity. Only one patient required unplanned intubation because of a large quantity of residual content, and none had aspiration events.

In multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of retention in those with diabetes was 4.1. “Given the predominance of diabetes in those with retained gastric contents, we highlight the potential to risk-stratify patients who require further preprocedural consideration,” the authors wrote.

Those with GLP-1 RA held per ASA guidance (406, 49.8%) were less likely to have retained contents (4.4% vs 12.7%; P < .001), but no significant differences for intubation (0% vs 2%; P = .53) or aborting procedure rates (28% vs 18%; P = .40) due to gastric retention were observed.

On multivariable analysis, the likelihood of food retention increased by 36% (95% CI, 1.15-1.60) for every 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin after adjusting for GLP-1 RA type and preoperative medication hold.

“Our study can help to differentiate which patients can be at largest risk for retained gastric contents,” Phan said, noting the impact of increasing percentages of A1C. “There’s a 36% increased likelihood of food retention in patients on GLP-1 medications, so a blanket policy to hold GLP-1s in patients who are nondiabetic and taking the medication for obesity may not be the best approach. But if patients have uncontrolled hyperglycemia, then an approach of caution is clinically valid.” In that context, holding the GLP-1 RA injection or lengthening the preoperative clear-liquid diet policy should be considered.

She noted that the study results are generalizable because the study was conducted across multiple types of hospital systems, both university and county, and included all types of GLP-1 RA.

Offering an anesthesiologist’s perspective on the study, Paul Potnuru, MD, an assistant professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at UTHealth Houston and not involved in the study, called the findings “somewhat reassuring” but said the risk for aspiration was still a consideration.

A recent review, however, reported that the risk for GLP-1 RA-associated pulmonary aspiration was low.

Potnuru acknowledged that the original ASA guidance on preoperative GLP-1 RA cessation led to some confusion. “There were not a lot of data on the issue, but some studies found that even with stopping GLP-1s 2 weeks preoperatively some patients still retained gastric content,” he told GI & Hepatology News.

A study at his center recently reported that 56% of GLP-1 RA users had increased pre-anesthesia residual gastric content compared with 19% of nonusers.

From the anesthesiologist’s clinical vantage point, the margin of safety is an issue even if aspiration risk is low. “If there’s a 1 in 1000 chance or even a 1 in 3000 chance, that can be considered too high,” Potnuru said.

He further noted that the current study included only 815 patients, not nearly enough for definitive data. In addition, a retrospective study based on medical records can’t really capture all the real-world procedural changes made in the operating room. “It’s common for anesthesiologists not to document all cases of intubation, for example,” he said.

While the ideal is a completely empty stomach, he agreed that a practical alternative to stopping GLP-1 RA therapy, especially that prescribed for diabetes, would be a 24-hour liquid diet, which would clear the stomach quickly. “If you stop these drugs in patients taking them for diabetes, you get a worsening of their glycemic control,” he said.

He noted that patients have different risk tolerances, with some willing to go ahead even if ultrasound shows gastric retention, while some opt to cancel.

Prospective studies are needed, Potnuru added, “because you find more if you know what you’re looking for.” His center is starting a clinical trial in 150 patients to assess the impact of a 24-hour, liquids-only diet on gastric retention.

According to Phan, other research is following GLP-1 RA users undergoing colonoscopy. “Future studies can look at the added value of point-of-care abdominal ultrasound to see if it increases precision preoperative management in these patients on GLP-1 medications.”

Other groups are examining the safety of these agents in the general context of sedation. “It’s worth noting that the studies are being done on currently available medications and may not apply to future medications such as triple agonists or anti-amylins that may come on the market in the near future,” Phan said.

This study received no financial support. Neither the study authors nor Potnuru had any conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was associated with a significantly increased risk for adverse health outcomes and health care resource use among military personnel in the US, according to data from about 120,000 active-duty service members.

OSA and other clinical sleep disorders are common among military personnel, driven in part by demanding, nontraditional work schedules that can exacerbate sleep problems, but OSA’s impact in this population has not been well-studied, Emerson M. Wickwire, PhD, of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, and colleagues wrote in a new paper published in Chest.

In the current health economic climate of increasing costs and limited resources, the economic aspects of sleep disorders have never been more important, Wickwire said in an interview. The data in this study are the first to quantify the health and utilization burden of OSA in the US military and can support military decision-makers regarding allocation of scarce resources, he said.

To assess the burden of OSA in the military, they reviewed fully de-identified data from 59,203 active-duty military personnel with diagnoses of OSA and compared them with 59,203 active-duty military personnel without OSA. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 64 years; 7.4% were women and 64.5% were white individuals. Study outcomes included new diagnoses of physical and psychological health conditions, as well as health care resource use in the first year after the index date.

About one third of the participants were in the Army (38.7%), 25.6% were in the Air Force, 23.5% were in the Navy, 5.8% were in the Marines, 5.7% were in the Coast Guard, and 0.7% were in the Public Health Service.

Over the 1-year study period, military personnel with OSA diagnoses were significantly more likely to experience new physical and psychological adverse events than control individuals without OSA, based on proportional hazards models. The physical conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group were traumatic brain injury and cardiovascular disease (which included acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral procedures), with hazard ratios (HRs) 3.27 and 2.32, respectively. The psychological conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group vs control individuals were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety (HR, 4.41, and HR, 3.35, respectively).

Individuals with OSA also showed increased use of healthcare resources compared with control individuals without OSA, with an additional 170,511 outpatient visits, 66 inpatient visits, and 1,852 emergency department visits.

 

Don’t Discount OSA in Military Personnel

“From a clinical perspective, these findings underscore the importance of recognizing OSA as a critical risk factor for a wide array of physical and psychological health outcomes,” the researchers wrote in their discussion.

The results highlight the need for more clinical attention to patient screening, triage, and delivery of care, but efforts are limited by the documented shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, they noted.

Key limitations of the study include the use of an administrative claims data source, which did not include clinical information such as disease severity or daytime symptoms, and the nonrandomized, observational study design, Wickwire told this news organization.

Looking ahead, the researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, are launching a new trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealth visits for military beneficiaries diagnosed with OSA as a way to manage the shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, according to a press release from the University of Maryland.

“Although the association between poor sleep and traumatic stress is well-known, present results highlight striking associations between sleep apnea and posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and musculoskeletal injuries, which are key outcomes from the military perspective,” Wickwire told this news organization.

“Our most important clinical recommendation is for healthcare providers to be on alert for signs and symptoms of OSA, including snoring, daytime sleepiness, and morning dry mouth,” said Wickwire. “Primary care and mental health providers should be especially attuned,” he added.

 

Results Not Surprising, but Research Gaps Remain

“The sleep health of active-duty military personnel is not only vital for optimal military performance but also impacts the health of Veterans after separation from the military,” said Q. Afifa Shamim-Uzzaman, MD, an associate professor and a sleep medicine specialist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, in an interview.

The current study identifies increased utilization of healthcare resources by active-duty personnel with sleep apnea, and outcomes were not surprising, said Shamim-Uzzaman, who is employed by the Veterans’ Health Administration, but was not involved in the current study.

The association between untreated OSA and medical and psychological comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mood disorders such as depression and anxiety is well-known, Shamim-Uzzaman said. “Patients with depression who also have sleep disturbances are at higher risk for suicide — the strength of this association is such that it led the Veterans’ Health Administration to mandate suicide screening for Veterans seen in its sleep clinics,” he added.

“We also know that untreated OSA is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, slowed reaction times, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, all of which can contribute to sustaining injuries such as traumatic brain injury,” said Shamim-Uzzaman. “Emerging evidence also suggests that sleep disruption prior to exposure to trauma increases the risk of developing PTSD. Therefore, it is not surprising that patients with sleep apnea would have higher healthcare utilization for non-OSA conditions than those without sleep apnea,” he noted.

In clinical practice, the study underscores the importance of identifying and managing sleep health in military personnel, who frequently work nontraditional schedules with long, sustained shifts in grueling conditions not conducive to healthy sleep, Shamim-Uzzaman told this news organization. “Although the harsh work environments that our active-duty military endure come part and parcel with the job, clinicians caring for these individuals should ask specifically about their sleep and working schedules to optimize sleep as best as possible; this should include, but not be limited to, screening and testing for sleep disordered breathing and insomnia,” he said.

The current study has several limitations, including the inability to control for smoking or alcohol use, which are common in military personnel and associated with increased morbidity, said Shamim-Uzzaman. The study also did not assess the impact of other confounding factors, such as sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, that could impact the results, especially the association of OSA and traumatic brain injury, he noted. “More research is needed to assess the impact of these factors as well as the effect of treatment of OSA on comorbidities and healthcare utilization,” he said.

This study was supported by the Military Health Services Research Program.

Wickwire’s institution had received research funding from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Department of Defense, Merck, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging, ResMed, the ResMed Foundation, and the SRS Foundation. Wickwire disclosed serving as a scientific consultant to Axsome Therapeutics, Dayzz, Eisai, EnsoData, Idorsia, Merck, Nox Health, Primasun, Purdue, and ResMed and is an equity shareholder in Well Tap.

Shamim-Uzzaman is an employee of the Veterans’ Health Administration.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was associated with a significantly increased risk for adverse health outcomes and health care resource use among military personnel in the US, according to data from about 120,000 active-duty service members.

OSA and other clinical sleep disorders are common among military personnel, driven in part by demanding, nontraditional work schedules that can exacerbate sleep problems, but OSA’s impact in this population has not been well-studied, Emerson M. Wickwire, PhD, of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, and colleagues wrote in a new paper published in Chest.

In the current health economic climate of increasing costs and limited resources, the economic aspects of sleep disorders have never been more important, Wickwire said in an interview. The data in this study are the first to quantify the health and utilization burden of OSA in the US military and can support military decision-makers regarding allocation of scarce resources, he said.

To assess the burden of OSA in the military, they reviewed fully de-identified data from 59,203 active-duty military personnel with diagnoses of OSA and compared them with 59,203 active-duty military personnel without OSA. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 64 years; 7.4% were women and 64.5% were white individuals. Study outcomes included new diagnoses of physical and psychological health conditions, as well as health care resource use in the first year after the index date.

About one third of the participants were in the Army (38.7%), 25.6% were in the Air Force, 23.5% were in the Navy, 5.8% were in the Marines, 5.7% were in the Coast Guard, and 0.7% were in the Public Health Service.

Over the 1-year study period, military personnel with OSA diagnoses were significantly more likely to experience new physical and psychological adverse events than control individuals without OSA, based on proportional hazards models. The physical conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group were traumatic brain injury and cardiovascular disease (which included acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral procedures), with hazard ratios (HRs) 3.27 and 2.32, respectively. The psychological conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group vs control individuals were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety (HR, 4.41, and HR, 3.35, respectively).

Individuals with OSA also showed increased use of healthcare resources compared with control individuals without OSA, with an additional 170,511 outpatient visits, 66 inpatient visits, and 1,852 emergency department visits.

 

Don’t Discount OSA in Military Personnel

“From a clinical perspective, these findings underscore the importance of recognizing OSA as a critical risk factor for a wide array of physical and psychological health outcomes,” the researchers wrote in their discussion.

The results highlight the need for more clinical attention to patient screening, triage, and delivery of care, but efforts are limited by the documented shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, they noted.

Key limitations of the study include the use of an administrative claims data source, which did not include clinical information such as disease severity or daytime symptoms, and the nonrandomized, observational study design, Wickwire told this news organization.

Looking ahead, the researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, are launching a new trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealth visits for military beneficiaries diagnosed with OSA as a way to manage the shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, according to a press release from the University of Maryland.

“Although the association between poor sleep and traumatic stress is well-known, present results highlight striking associations between sleep apnea and posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and musculoskeletal injuries, which are key outcomes from the military perspective,” Wickwire told this news organization.

“Our most important clinical recommendation is for healthcare providers to be on alert for signs and symptoms of OSA, including snoring, daytime sleepiness, and morning dry mouth,” said Wickwire. “Primary care and mental health providers should be especially attuned,” he added.

 

Results Not Surprising, but Research Gaps Remain

“The sleep health of active-duty military personnel is not only vital for optimal military performance but also impacts the health of Veterans after separation from the military,” said Q. Afifa Shamim-Uzzaman, MD, an associate professor and a sleep medicine specialist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, in an interview.

The current study identifies increased utilization of healthcare resources by active-duty personnel with sleep apnea, and outcomes were not surprising, said Shamim-Uzzaman, who is employed by the Veterans’ Health Administration, but was not involved in the current study.

The association between untreated OSA and medical and psychological comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mood disorders such as depression and anxiety is well-known, Shamim-Uzzaman said. “Patients with depression who also have sleep disturbances are at higher risk for suicide — the strength of this association is such that it led the Veterans’ Health Administration to mandate suicide screening for Veterans seen in its sleep clinics,” he added.

“We also know that untreated OSA is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, slowed reaction times, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, all of which can contribute to sustaining injuries such as traumatic brain injury,” said Shamim-Uzzaman. “Emerging evidence also suggests that sleep disruption prior to exposure to trauma increases the risk of developing PTSD. Therefore, it is not surprising that patients with sleep apnea would have higher healthcare utilization for non-OSA conditions than those without sleep apnea,” he noted.

In clinical practice, the study underscores the importance of identifying and managing sleep health in military personnel, who frequently work nontraditional schedules with long, sustained shifts in grueling conditions not conducive to healthy sleep, Shamim-Uzzaman told this news organization. “Although the harsh work environments that our active-duty military endure come part and parcel with the job, clinicians caring for these individuals should ask specifically about their sleep and working schedules to optimize sleep as best as possible; this should include, but not be limited to, screening and testing for sleep disordered breathing and insomnia,” he said.

The current study has several limitations, including the inability to control for smoking or alcohol use, which are common in military personnel and associated with increased morbidity, said Shamim-Uzzaman. The study also did not assess the impact of other confounding factors, such as sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, that could impact the results, especially the association of OSA and traumatic brain injury, he noted. “More research is needed to assess the impact of these factors as well as the effect of treatment of OSA on comorbidities and healthcare utilization,” he said.

This study was supported by the Military Health Services Research Program.

Wickwire’s institution had received research funding from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Department of Defense, Merck, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging, ResMed, the ResMed Foundation, and the SRS Foundation. Wickwire disclosed serving as a scientific consultant to Axsome Therapeutics, Dayzz, Eisai, EnsoData, Idorsia, Merck, Nox Health, Primasun, Purdue, and ResMed and is an equity shareholder in Well Tap.

Shamim-Uzzaman is an employee of the Veterans’ Health Administration.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was associated with a significantly increased risk for adverse health outcomes and health care resource use among military personnel in the US, according to data from about 120,000 active-duty service members.

OSA and other clinical sleep disorders are common among military personnel, driven in part by demanding, nontraditional work schedules that can exacerbate sleep problems, but OSA’s impact in this population has not been well-studied, Emerson M. Wickwire, PhD, of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, and colleagues wrote in a new paper published in Chest.

In the current health economic climate of increasing costs and limited resources, the economic aspects of sleep disorders have never been more important, Wickwire said in an interview. The data in this study are the first to quantify the health and utilization burden of OSA in the US military and can support military decision-makers regarding allocation of scarce resources, he said.

To assess the burden of OSA in the military, they reviewed fully de-identified data from 59,203 active-duty military personnel with diagnoses of OSA and compared them with 59,203 active-duty military personnel without OSA. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 64 years; 7.4% were women and 64.5% were white individuals. Study outcomes included new diagnoses of physical and psychological health conditions, as well as health care resource use in the first year after the index date.

About one third of the participants were in the Army (38.7%), 25.6% were in the Air Force, 23.5% were in the Navy, 5.8% were in the Marines, 5.7% were in the Coast Guard, and 0.7% were in the Public Health Service.

Over the 1-year study period, military personnel with OSA diagnoses were significantly more likely to experience new physical and psychological adverse events than control individuals without OSA, based on proportional hazards models. The physical conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group were traumatic brain injury and cardiovascular disease (which included acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral procedures), with hazard ratios (HRs) 3.27 and 2.32, respectively. The psychological conditions with the greatest increased risk in the OSA group vs control individuals were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety (HR, 4.41, and HR, 3.35, respectively).

Individuals with OSA also showed increased use of healthcare resources compared with control individuals without OSA, with an additional 170,511 outpatient visits, 66 inpatient visits, and 1,852 emergency department visits.

 

Don’t Discount OSA in Military Personnel

“From a clinical perspective, these findings underscore the importance of recognizing OSA as a critical risk factor for a wide array of physical and psychological health outcomes,” the researchers wrote in their discussion.

The results highlight the need for more clinical attention to patient screening, triage, and delivery of care, but efforts are limited by the documented shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, they noted.

Key limitations of the study include the use of an administrative claims data source, which did not include clinical information such as disease severity or daytime symptoms, and the nonrandomized, observational study design, Wickwire told this news organization.

Looking ahead, the researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, are launching a new trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealth visits for military beneficiaries diagnosed with OSA as a way to manage the shortage of sleep specialists in the military health system, according to a press release from the University of Maryland.

“Although the association between poor sleep and traumatic stress is well-known, present results highlight striking associations between sleep apnea and posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and musculoskeletal injuries, which are key outcomes from the military perspective,” Wickwire told this news organization.

“Our most important clinical recommendation is for healthcare providers to be on alert for signs and symptoms of OSA, including snoring, daytime sleepiness, and morning dry mouth,” said Wickwire. “Primary care and mental health providers should be especially attuned,” he added.

 

Results Not Surprising, but Research Gaps Remain

“The sleep health of active-duty military personnel is not only vital for optimal military performance but also impacts the health of Veterans after separation from the military,” said Q. Afifa Shamim-Uzzaman, MD, an associate professor and a sleep medicine specialist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, in an interview.

The current study identifies increased utilization of healthcare resources by active-duty personnel with sleep apnea, and outcomes were not surprising, said Shamim-Uzzaman, who is employed by the Veterans’ Health Administration, but was not involved in the current study.

The association between untreated OSA and medical and psychological comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mood disorders such as depression and anxiety is well-known, Shamim-Uzzaman said. “Patients with depression who also have sleep disturbances are at higher risk for suicide — the strength of this association is such that it led the Veterans’ Health Administration to mandate suicide screening for Veterans seen in its sleep clinics,” he added.

“We also know that untreated OSA is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, slowed reaction times, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, all of which can contribute to sustaining injuries such as traumatic brain injury,” said Shamim-Uzzaman. “Emerging evidence also suggests that sleep disruption prior to exposure to trauma increases the risk of developing PTSD. Therefore, it is not surprising that patients with sleep apnea would have higher healthcare utilization for non-OSA conditions than those without sleep apnea,” he noted.

In clinical practice, the study underscores the importance of identifying and managing sleep health in military personnel, who frequently work nontraditional schedules with long, sustained shifts in grueling conditions not conducive to healthy sleep, Shamim-Uzzaman told this news organization. “Although the harsh work environments that our active-duty military endure come part and parcel with the job, clinicians caring for these individuals should ask specifically about their sleep and working schedules to optimize sleep as best as possible; this should include, but not be limited to, screening and testing for sleep disordered breathing and insomnia,” he said.

The current study has several limitations, including the inability to control for smoking or alcohol use, which are common in military personnel and associated with increased morbidity, said Shamim-Uzzaman. The study also did not assess the impact of other confounding factors, such as sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, that could impact the results, especially the association of OSA and traumatic brain injury, he noted. “More research is needed to assess the impact of these factors as well as the effect of treatment of OSA on comorbidities and healthcare utilization,” he said.

This study was supported by the Military Health Services Research Program.

Wickwire’s institution had received research funding from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Department of Defense, Merck, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging, ResMed, the ResMed Foundation, and the SRS Foundation. Wickwire disclosed serving as a scientific consultant to Axsome Therapeutics, Dayzz, Eisai, EnsoData, Idorsia, Merck, Nox Health, Primasun, Purdue, and ResMed and is an equity shareholder in Well Tap.

Shamim-Uzzaman is an employee of the Veterans’ Health Administration.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

WASHINGTON, DC — A low-emulsifier-containing diet led to a threefold increased likelihood of improvement in symptoms of Crohn’s disease compared with an emulsifier-containing diet in a randomized double-blind dietary trial involving 154 patients with mildly active disease living across the United Kingdom.

The findings were reported at Gut Microbiota for Health (GMFH) World Summit 2025 by Benoit Chassaing, PhD, of the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, whose research leading up to the trial has demonstrated that food additive emulsifiers —ubiquitous in processed foods — alter microbiota composition and lead to microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut and subsequent chronic gut inflammation.

Patients in the ADDapt trial, which was also reported in an abstract earlier this year at the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) 2025 Congress, had a Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) of 150-250 and evidence of inflammation (faecal calprotectin (FCP) ≥ 150 µg/g or endoscopy/radiology). All “had been exposed in their regular diets to emulsifiers,” said Chassaing, a co-investigator, during a GMFH session on “Dietary Drivers of Health and Disease.”

They were randomized to either a low-emulsifier diet or to a low-emulsifier diet followed by emulsifier “resupplementation” — a design meant to “account for the very strong placebo effect that is always observed with dietary studies,” he said.

All patients received dietary counseling, a smart phone app and barcode scan to support shopping, and weekly support. They also received supermarket foods for 25% of their needs that were either free of emulsifiers or contained emulsifiers, and they were provided three snacks per day that were emulsifier-free or contained carrageenan, carboxymethycellulse (CMC), and polysorbate-80 (P80) — dietary emulsifiers that are commonly added to processed foods to enhance texture and extend shelf-life.

In the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, 49% of patients in the intervention group reached the primary endpoint of a 70-point reduction or more in CDAI response after 8 weeks compared with 31% of those in the control group (P = .019), with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.1 (P = .003), Chassaing shared at the GMFH meeting, convened by the American Gastroenterological Association and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility.

In the per-protocol analysis (n = 119), 61% and 47% of patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, reached the primary outcome of CDAI response, with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.0 (P = .018), he said.

Secondary endpoints included CDAI remission at 24 weeks, and according to the abstract for the ECCO Congress, in the ITT analysis, patients in the intervention group were more than twice as likely to experience remission.

Chassaing noted at the GMFH meeting that as part of the study, he and coinvestigators have been investigating the participants’ gut microbiota with metagenomic analyses. The study was led by Kevin Whelan, PhD, head of the Department of Nutritional Sciences at King’s College London, London, England.

 

Can Emulsifier-Sensitive Individuals Be Identified?

In murine model research 10 years ago, Chassaing showed that the administration of CMC and P80 results in microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut, alterations in microbiota composition — including an increase in bacteria that produce pro-inflammatory flagellin — and development of chronic inflammation.

Wild-type mice treated with these compounds developed metabolic disease, and mice that were modified to be predisposed to colitis had a higher incidence of robust colitis. Moreover, fecal transplantation from emulsifier-treated mice to germ-free mice reproduced these changes, “clearly suggesting that the microbiome itself is sufficient to drive chronic inflammation,” he said.

In recent years, in humans, analyses from the large French NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort study have shown associations between exposure to food additive emulsifiers and the risk for cardiovascular disease, the risk for cancer (overall, breast, and prostate), and the risk for type 2 diabetes.

But to explore causality and better understand the mechanisms of emulsifier-driven changes on the microbiota, Chassaing and his colleagues also launched the FRESH study (Functional Research on Emulsifier in Humans), a double-blind randomized controlled-feeding study of the emulsifier CMC. For 11 days, nine healthy patients consumed an emulsifier-free diet and 11 consumed an identical diet enriched with 15 g/d of CMC.

Patients on the CMC-containing diet had reduced microbiota diversity and depletions of an array of microbiota-related metabolites, but only a small subset had profound alterations in microbiota composition and increased microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer. “Some seemed to be resistant to CMC-induced microbiota encroachment, while some were highly susceptible,” Chassaing said.

The pilot study raised the question, he said, of whether there is an “infectivity component” — some kind of “sensitive” gut microbiota composition — that may be associated with dietary emulsifier-driven inflammation and disease.

In other murine research, Chassaing and his team found that germ-free mice colonized with Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) and subsequently given CMC or P80 developed chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, “clearly demonstrating that you can convert resistant mice to sensitive mice just by adding one bacteria to the ecosystem,” he said. “The presence of AIEC alone was sufficient to drive the detrimental effects of dietary emulsifiers.”

(In vitro research with transcriptomic analysis then showed that the emulsifiers directly elicit AIEC virulence gene expression, Chassaing and his coauthors wrote in their 2020 paper, facilitating AIEC’s “penetration of the mucus layer and adherence to epithelial cells and resulting in activation of host pro-inflammatory signaling.”)

“We don’t think it’s solely the AIEC bacteria that will drive emulsifier sensitivity, though…we think it’s more complex,” Chassaing said at the meeting. Overall, the findings raise the question of whether emulsifier-sensitive individuals can be identified.

This, he said, is one of his most recent research questions. His lab has led the development of an in vitro microbiota model built to predict an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers. In a study published in April, the model recapitulated the differential CMC sensitivity observed in the earlier FRESH study, suggesting that an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers can indeed be predicted by examining their baseline microbiota.

 

Interpreting the Epidemiology

Chassaing’s research arch illustrates the synergy between epidemiological research, basic/translational research, and clinical interventional research that’s needed to understand the diet-microbiome intersection in inflammatory bowel disease, said Ashwin Ananthakrishnan, MBBS, MPH, AGAF, associate professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in an interview at the meeting.

“It’s a good example of how to really span the spectrum, starting from the big picture and going deeper to understand mechanisms, and starting from mechanisms and expanding it out,” Ananthakrishnan said.

In his own talk about research on IBD, Ananthakrishnan said that epidemiological data have shown over the past 10-15 years that total dietary fiber is inversely associated with the risk for Crohn’s disease (with the strongest associations with fiber from fruits and vegetables). Studies have also shown that a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a lower risk for ulcerative colitis, whereas “an n-6-fatty acid-rich diet is associated with a higher risk of ulcerative colitis,” he said.

Dietary cohort studies, meanwhile, have shed light on the influence of dietary patterns — such as the Mediterranean diet and diets with high inflammatory potential—on IBD. A diet rich in ultra-processed foods has also been shown in a prospective cohort study to be associated with a higher risk for Crohn’s disease, with certain categories of ultra-processed foods (eg, breads and breakfast foods) having the strongest associations.

Such studies are limited in part, however, by inadequate assessment of potentially relevant variables such as emulsifiers, preservatives, and how the food is processed, he said.

And in interpreting the epidemiological research on fiber and IBD, for instance, one must appreciate that “there are a number of mechanisms by which fiber is impactful…there’s a big picture to look at,” Ananthakrishnan said. Fiber “can affect the microbiome, clearly, it can affect the gut barrier, and it can affect bile acids, and there are detailed translational studies in support of each of these.”

But there are other constituents of fruits and vegetables “that could potentially influence disease risk, such as AhR ligands and polyphenols,” he said. “And importantly, people not eating a lot of fiber may be eating a lot of ultra-processed foods.”

Most interventional studies of fiber have not shown a benefit of a high-fiber diet, Ananthakrishnan said, but there are multiple possible reasons and factors at play, including potential population differences (eg, in inflammatory status or baseline microbiota), shortcomings of the interventions, and potentially inaccurate outcomes.

Abigail Johnson, PhD, RDN, associate director of the Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, which supports dietary analysis, said during the session that the focus of dietary research is “moving toward understanding overall dietary patterns” as opposed to focusing more narrowly on vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

This is an improvement, though “we still don’t have good approaches for understanding [the contributions of] things like additives and emulsifiers, food preparation and cooking, and food processing,” said Johnson, assistant professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health at University of Minnesota Twin Cities. “Perhaps by looking at things at the food level we can overcome some of these limitations.”

Ananthakrishnan reported being a consultant for Geneoscopy and receiving a research grant from Takeda. Chassaing did not report any financial disclosures. Johnson reported that she had no financial disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

WASHINGTON, DC — A low-emulsifier-containing diet led to a threefold increased likelihood of improvement in symptoms of Crohn’s disease compared with an emulsifier-containing diet in a randomized double-blind dietary trial involving 154 patients with mildly active disease living across the United Kingdom.

The findings were reported at Gut Microbiota for Health (GMFH) World Summit 2025 by Benoit Chassaing, PhD, of the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, whose research leading up to the trial has demonstrated that food additive emulsifiers —ubiquitous in processed foods — alter microbiota composition and lead to microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut and subsequent chronic gut inflammation.

Patients in the ADDapt trial, which was also reported in an abstract earlier this year at the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) 2025 Congress, had a Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) of 150-250 and evidence of inflammation (faecal calprotectin (FCP) ≥ 150 µg/g or endoscopy/radiology). All “had been exposed in their regular diets to emulsifiers,” said Chassaing, a co-investigator, during a GMFH session on “Dietary Drivers of Health and Disease.”

They were randomized to either a low-emulsifier diet or to a low-emulsifier diet followed by emulsifier “resupplementation” — a design meant to “account for the very strong placebo effect that is always observed with dietary studies,” he said.

All patients received dietary counseling, a smart phone app and barcode scan to support shopping, and weekly support. They also received supermarket foods for 25% of their needs that were either free of emulsifiers or contained emulsifiers, and they were provided three snacks per day that were emulsifier-free or contained carrageenan, carboxymethycellulse (CMC), and polysorbate-80 (P80) — dietary emulsifiers that are commonly added to processed foods to enhance texture and extend shelf-life.

In the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, 49% of patients in the intervention group reached the primary endpoint of a 70-point reduction or more in CDAI response after 8 weeks compared with 31% of those in the control group (P = .019), with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.1 (P = .003), Chassaing shared at the GMFH meeting, convened by the American Gastroenterological Association and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility.

In the per-protocol analysis (n = 119), 61% and 47% of patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, reached the primary outcome of CDAI response, with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.0 (P = .018), he said.

Secondary endpoints included CDAI remission at 24 weeks, and according to the abstract for the ECCO Congress, in the ITT analysis, patients in the intervention group were more than twice as likely to experience remission.

Chassaing noted at the GMFH meeting that as part of the study, he and coinvestigators have been investigating the participants’ gut microbiota with metagenomic analyses. The study was led by Kevin Whelan, PhD, head of the Department of Nutritional Sciences at King’s College London, London, England.

 

Can Emulsifier-Sensitive Individuals Be Identified?

In murine model research 10 years ago, Chassaing showed that the administration of CMC and P80 results in microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut, alterations in microbiota composition — including an increase in bacteria that produce pro-inflammatory flagellin — and development of chronic inflammation.

Wild-type mice treated with these compounds developed metabolic disease, and mice that were modified to be predisposed to colitis had a higher incidence of robust colitis. Moreover, fecal transplantation from emulsifier-treated mice to germ-free mice reproduced these changes, “clearly suggesting that the microbiome itself is sufficient to drive chronic inflammation,” he said.

In recent years, in humans, analyses from the large French NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort study have shown associations between exposure to food additive emulsifiers and the risk for cardiovascular disease, the risk for cancer (overall, breast, and prostate), and the risk for type 2 diabetes.

But to explore causality and better understand the mechanisms of emulsifier-driven changes on the microbiota, Chassaing and his colleagues also launched the FRESH study (Functional Research on Emulsifier in Humans), a double-blind randomized controlled-feeding study of the emulsifier CMC. For 11 days, nine healthy patients consumed an emulsifier-free diet and 11 consumed an identical diet enriched with 15 g/d of CMC.

Patients on the CMC-containing diet had reduced microbiota diversity and depletions of an array of microbiota-related metabolites, but only a small subset had profound alterations in microbiota composition and increased microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer. “Some seemed to be resistant to CMC-induced microbiota encroachment, while some were highly susceptible,” Chassaing said.

The pilot study raised the question, he said, of whether there is an “infectivity component” — some kind of “sensitive” gut microbiota composition — that may be associated with dietary emulsifier-driven inflammation and disease.

In other murine research, Chassaing and his team found that germ-free mice colonized with Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) and subsequently given CMC or P80 developed chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, “clearly demonstrating that you can convert resistant mice to sensitive mice just by adding one bacteria to the ecosystem,” he said. “The presence of AIEC alone was sufficient to drive the detrimental effects of dietary emulsifiers.”

(In vitro research with transcriptomic analysis then showed that the emulsifiers directly elicit AIEC virulence gene expression, Chassaing and his coauthors wrote in their 2020 paper, facilitating AIEC’s “penetration of the mucus layer and adherence to epithelial cells and resulting in activation of host pro-inflammatory signaling.”)

“We don’t think it’s solely the AIEC bacteria that will drive emulsifier sensitivity, though…we think it’s more complex,” Chassaing said at the meeting. Overall, the findings raise the question of whether emulsifier-sensitive individuals can be identified.

This, he said, is one of his most recent research questions. His lab has led the development of an in vitro microbiota model built to predict an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers. In a study published in April, the model recapitulated the differential CMC sensitivity observed in the earlier FRESH study, suggesting that an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers can indeed be predicted by examining their baseline microbiota.

 

Interpreting the Epidemiology

Chassaing’s research arch illustrates the synergy between epidemiological research, basic/translational research, and clinical interventional research that’s needed to understand the diet-microbiome intersection in inflammatory bowel disease, said Ashwin Ananthakrishnan, MBBS, MPH, AGAF, associate professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in an interview at the meeting.

“It’s a good example of how to really span the spectrum, starting from the big picture and going deeper to understand mechanisms, and starting from mechanisms and expanding it out,” Ananthakrishnan said.

In his own talk about research on IBD, Ananthakrishnan said that epidemiological data have shown over the past 10-15 years that total dietary fiber is inversely associated with the risk for Crohn’s disease (with the strongest associations with fiber from fruits and vegetables). Studies have also shown that a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a lower risk for ulcerative colitis, whereas “an n-6-fatty acid-rich diet is associated with a higher risk of ulcerative colitis,” he said.

Dietary cohort studies, meanwhile, have shed light on the influence of dietary patterns — such as the Mediterranean diet and diets with high inflammatory potential—on IBD. A diet rich in ultra-processed foods has also been shown in a prospective cohort study to be associated with a higher risk for Crohn’s disease, with certain categories of ultra-processed foods (eg, breads and breakfast foods) having the strongest associations.

Such studies are limited in part, however, by inadequate assessment of potentially relevant variables such as emulsifiers, preservatives, and how the food is processed, he said.

And in interpreting the epidemiological research on fiber and IBD, for instance, one must appreciate that “there are a number of mechanisms by which fiber is impactful…there’s a big picture to look at,” Ananthakrishnan said. Fiber “can affect the microbiome, clearly, it can affect the gut barrier, and it can affect bile acids, and there are detailed translational studies in support of each of these.”

But there are other constituents of fruits and vegetables “that could potentially influence disease risk, such as AhR ligands and polyphenols,” he said. “And importantly, people not eating a lot of fiber may be eating a lot of ultra-processed foods.”

Most interventional studies of fiber have not shown a benefit of a high-fiber diet, Ananthakrishnan said, but there are multiple possible reasons and factors at play, including potential population differences (eg, in inflammatory status or baseline microbiota), shortcomings of the interventions, and potentially inaccurate outcomes.

Abigail Johnson, PhD, RDN, associate director of the Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, which supports dietary analysis, said during the session that the focus of dietary research is “moving toward understanding overall dietary patterns” as opposed to focusing more narrowly on vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

This is an improvement, though “we still don’t have good approaches for understanding [the contributions of] things like additives and emulsifiers, food preparation and cooking, and food processing,” said Johnson, assistant professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health at University of Minnesota Twin Cities. “Perhaps by looking at things at the food level we can overcome some of these limitations.”

Ananthakrishnan reported being a consultant for Geneoscopy and receiving a research grant from Takeda. Chassaing did not report any financial disclosures. Johnson reported that she had no financial disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

WASHINGTON, DC — A low-emulsifier-containing diet led to a threefold increased likelihood of improvement in symptoms of Crohn’s disease compared with an emulsifier-containing diet in a randomized double-blind dietary trial involving 154 patients with mildly active disease living across the United Kingdom.

The findings were reported at Gut Microbiota for Health (GMFH) World Summit 2025 by Benoit Chassaing, PhD, of the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, whose research leading up to the trial has demonstrated that food additive emulsifiers —ubiquitous in processed foods — alter microbiota composition and lead to microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut and subsequent chronic gut inflammation.

Patients in the ADDapt trial, which was also reported in an abstract earlier this year at the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) 2025 Congress, had a Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) of 150-250 and evidence of inflammation (faecal calprotectin (FCP) ≥ 150 µg/g or endoscopy/radiology). All “had been exposed in their regular diets to emulsifiers,” said Chassaing, a co-investigator, during a GMFH session on “Dietary Drivers of Health and Disease.”

They were randomized to either a low-emulsifier diet or to a low-emulsifier diet followed by emulsifier “resupplementation” — a design meant to “account for the very strong placebo effect that is always observed with dietary studies,” he said.

All patients received dietary counseling, a smart phone app and barcode scan to support shopping, and weekly support. They also received supermarket foods for 25% of their needs that were either free of emulsifiers or contained emulsifiers, and they were provided three snacks per day that were emulsifier-free or contained carrageenan, carboxymethycellulse (CMC), and polysorbate-80 (P80) — dietary emulsifiers that are commonly added to processed foods to enhance texture and extend shelf-life.

In the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, 49% of patients in the intervention group reached the primary endpoint of a 70-point reduction or more in CDAI response after 8 weeks compared with 31% of those in the control group (P = .019), with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.1 (P = .003), Chassaing shared at the GMFH meeting, convened by the American Gastroenterological Association and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility.

In the per-protocol analysis (n = 119), 61% and 47% of patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, reached the primary outcome of CDAI response, with an adjusted relative risk of response of 3.0 (P = .018), he said.

Secondary endpoints included CDAI remission at 24 weeks, and according to the abstract for the ECCO Congress, in the ITT analysis, patients in the intervention group were more than twice as likely to experience remission.

Chassaing noted at the GMFH meeting that as part of the study, he and coinvestigators have been investigating the participants’ gut microbiota with metagenomic analyses. The study was led by Kevin Whelan, PhD, head of the Department of Nutritional Sciences at King’s College London, London, England.

 

Can Emulsifier-Sensitive Individuals Be Identified?

In murine model research 10 years ago, Chassaing showed that the administration of CMC and P80 results in microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer of the gut, alterations in microbiota composition — including an increase in bacteria that produce pro-inflammatory flagellin — and development of chronic inflammation.

Wild-type mice treated with these compounds developed metabolic disease, and mice that were modified to be predisposed to colitis had a higher incidence of robust colitis. Moreover, fecal transplantation from emulsifier-treated mice to germ-free mice reproduced these changes, “clearly suggesting that the microbiome itself is sufficient to drive chronic inflammation,” he said.

In recent years, in humans, analyses from the large French NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort study have shown associations between exposure to food additive emulsifiers and the risk for cardiovascular disease, the risk for cancer (overall, breast, and prostate), and the risk for type 2 diabetes.

But to explore causality and better understand the mechanisms of emulsifier-driven changes on the microbiota, Chassaing and his colleagues also launched the FRESH study (Functional Research on Emulsifier in Humans), a double-blind randomized controlled-feeding study of the emulsifier CMC. For 11 days, nine healthy patients consumed an emulsifier-free diet and 11 consumed an identical diet enriched with 15 g/d of CMC.

Patients on the CMC-containing diet had reduced microbiota diversity and depletions of an array of microbiota-related metabolites, but only a small subset had profound alterations in microbiota composition and increased microbiota encroachment into the mucus layer. “Some seemed to be resistant to CMC-induced microbiota encroachment, while some were highly susceptible,” Chassaing said.

The pilot study raised the question, he said, of whether there is an “infectivity component” — some kind of “sensitive” gut microbiota composition — that may be associated with dietary emulsifier-driven inflammation and disease.

In other murine research, Chassaing and his team found that germ-free mice colonized with Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) and subsequently given CMC or P80 developed chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, “clearly demonstrating that you can convert resistant mice to sensitive mice just by adding one bacteria to the ecosystem,” he said. “The presence of AIEC alone was sufficient to drive the detrimental effects of dietary emulsifiers.”

(In vitro research with transcriptomic analysis then showed that the emulsifiers directly elicit AIEC virulence gene expression, Chassaing and his coauthors wrote in their 2020 paper, facilitating AIEC’s “penetration of the mucus layer and adherence to epithelial cells and resulting in activation of host pro-inflammatory signaling.”)

“We don’t think it’s solely the AIEC bacteria that will drive emulsifier sensitivity, though…we think it’s more complex,” Chassaing said at the meeting. Overall, the findings raise the question of whether emulsifier-sensitive individuals can be identified.

This, he said, is one of his most recent research questions. His lab has led the development of an in vitro microbiota model built to predict an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers. In a study published in April, the model recapitulated the differential CMC sensitivity observed in the earlier FRESH study, suggesting that an individual’s sensitivity to emulsifiers can indeed be predicted by examining their baseline microbiota.

 

Interpreting the Epidemiology

Chassaing’s research arch illustrates the synergy between epidemiological research, basic/translational research, and clinical interventional research that’s needed to understand the diet-microbiome intersection in inflammatory bowel disease, said Ashwin Ananthakrishnan, MBBS, MPH, AGAF, associate professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in an interview at the meeting.

“It’s a good example of how to really span the spectrum, starting from the big picture and going deeper to understand mechanisms, and starting from mechanisms and expanding it out,” Ananthakrishnan said.

In his own talk about research on IBD, Ananthakrishnan said that epidemiological data have shown over the past 10-15 years that total dietary fiber is inversely associated with the risk for Crohn’s disease (with the strongest associations with fiber from fruits and vegetables). Studies have also shown that a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a lower risk for ulcerative colitis, whereas “an n-6-fatty acid-rich diet is associated with a higher risk of ulcerative colitis,” he said.

Dietary cohort studies, meanwhile, have shed light on the influence of dietary patterns — such as the Mediterranean diet and diets with high inflammatory potential—on IBD. A diet rich in ultra-processed foods has also been shown in a prospective cohort study to be associated with a higher risk for Crohn’s disease, with certain categories of ultra-processed foods (eg, breads and breakfast foods) having the strongest associations.

Such studies are limited in part, however, by inadequate assessment of potentially relevant variables such as emulsifiers, preservatives, and how the food is processed, he said.

And in interpreting the epidemiological research on fiber and IBD, for instance, one must appreciate that “there are a number of mechanisms by which fiber is impactful…there’s a big picture to look at,” Ananthakrishnan said. Fiber “can affect the microbiome, clearly, it can affect the gut barrier, and it can affect bile acids, and there are detailed translational studies in support of each of these.”

But there are other constituents of fruits and vegetables “that could potentially influence disease risk, such as AhR ligands and polyphenols,” he said. “And importantly, people not eating a lot of fiber may be eating a lot of ultra-processed foods.”

Most interventional studies of fiber have not shown a benefit of a high-fiber diet, Ananthakrishnan said, but there are multiple possible reasons and factors at play, including potential population differences (eg, in inflammatory status or baseline microbiota), shortcomings of the interventions, and potentially inaccurate outcomes.

Abigail Johnson, PhD, RDN, associate director of the Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, which supports dietary analysis, said during the session that the focus of dietary research is “moving toward understanding overall dietary patterns” as opposed to focusing more narrowly on vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

This is an improvement, though “we still don’t have good approaches for understanding [the contributions of] things like additives and emulsifiers, food preparation and cooking, and food processing,” said Johnson, assistant professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health at University of Minnesota Twin Cities. “Perhaps by looking at things at the food level we can overcome some of these limitations.”

Ananthakrishnan reported being a consultant for Geneoscopy and receiving a research grant from Takeda. Chassaing did not report any financial disclosures. Johnson reported that she had no financial disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The role of hereditary syndromes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) might be easily missed, a kidney cancer specialist said during a recent Association of VA Hematology and Oncology (AVAHO) seminar in Long Beach, California, though careful clinical evaluation can uncover genetic traits that may affect treatment and familial risk.

“The importance of finding or identifying hereditary forms of kidney cancer really should not be underestimated,” said urologist Brian Shuch, MD, director of the UCLA Kidney Cancer Program, on treating veterans with kidney cancer. 

According to Shuch, recent data suggest that about 4.5% of patients with RCC have a hereditary syndrome: “A lot of times, these hide in plain sight. You have to really look deep and try to figure things out and understand that maybe they have a hereditary form of kidney cancer.”

It is important to consider early genetic testing, Shuch said. Red flags for hereditary syndromes include early-onset RCC (age ≤ 45 years), multifocal tumors, bilateral tumors (especially in younger individuals), or a relevant family personal history, he said. 

Unusual skin conditions are also potential signs, Shuch said. These can include leiomyomas, fibrofolliculomas, and angiofibromas: “Patients have lots of lumps or bumps.”

“When I look at a patient, I go head to toe and ask if there any issues with your vision, any issues with your hearing, any issues swallowing,” he explained at the meeting. “Do you have any problems with heart issues, adrenal issues? You’ve got to go through each organ, and it can lead you to different things.”

Shuch highlighted Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, which affects 1 in 25,000 people. About 80% to 90% of these patients have a family history, Shuch said.

But the others do not. “Unfortunately, some get diagnosed later in life because they don’t get cascade testing starting at aged 2, which is recommended. These are the patients who might be coming into the ER with a hemangioblastoma or picking up the phone and all of a sudden being deaf in one ear due to an endolymphatic sac tumor.

“We want to limit metastatic spread and preserve the kidneys,” Shuch said. “We don’t want to be doing radical nephrectomies. We want to avoid chronic kidney disease, prevent end-stage renal disease, and maximize quality of life.”

It’s a good idea to avoid surgical removal unless a patient’s tumor grows to be > 3 cm, a line that indicates risk of metastases, he said. 

In terms of treatment, Shuch highlighted a 2021 study that showed benefit in VHL from belzutifan (Welireg), an oral HIF-2 α inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The medication significantly reduced the need for surgical intervention. 

“Patients go on this drug, and surgeons are putting their scalpels down,” said Shuch, who worked on the 2021 study. 

Other hereditary syndromes include the rare hereditary papillary RCC, and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, believed to affect 1 in 200,000 people but may be more common, he said. 

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is linked to lung cysts, lung collapse, and skin manifestations. The 3 cm surgery rule is appropriate in these cases, Shuch said, and metastases are rare.

Another condition, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC, is the most dangerous hereditary form. Originally thought to affect 1 in 200,000 people, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC is similar to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in that it is believed to be more common.

“You will see this,” Shuch predicted. 

Shuch advised colleagues to intervene early and take a large margin during surgery.

He also highlighted familial paraganglioma syndrome, which is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and Cowden syndrome, which is linked to skin manifestations and breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer. 

Shuch reported that he had no disclosures.

The role of hereditary syndromes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) might be easily missed, a kidney cancer specialist said during a recent Association of VA Hematology and Oncology (AVAHO) seminar in Long Beach, California, though careful clinical evaluation can uncover genetic traits that may affect treatment and familial risk.

“The importance of finding or identifying hereditary forms of kidney cancer really should not be underestimated,” said urologist Brian Shuch, MD, director of the UCLA Kidney Cancer Program, on treating veterans with kidney cancer. 

According to Shuch, recent data suggest that about 4.5% of patients with RCC have a hereditary syndrome: “A lot of times, these hide in plain sight. You have to really look deep and try to figure things out and understand that maybe they have a hereditary form of kidney cancer.”

It is important to consider early genetic testing, Shuch said. Red flags for hereditary syndromes include early-onset RCC (age ≤ 45 years), multifocal tumors, bilateral tumors (especially in younger individuals), or a relevant family personal history, he said. 

Unusual skin conditions are also potential signs, Shuch said. These can include leiomyomas, fibrofolliculomas, and angiofibromas: “Patients have lots of lumps or bumps.”

“When I look at a patient, I go head to toe and ask if there any issues with your vision, any issues with your hearing, any issues swallowing,” he explained at the meeting. “Do you have any problems with heart issues, adrenal issues? You’ve got to go through each organ, and it can lead you to different things.”

Shuch highlighted Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, which affects 1 in 25,000 people. About 80% to 90% of these patients have a family history, Shuch said.

But the others do not. “Unfortunately, some get diagnosed later in life because they don’t get cascade testing starting at aged 2, which is recommended. These are the patients who might be coming into the ER with a hemangioblastoma or picking up the phone and all of a sudden being deaf in one ear due to an endolymphatic sac tumor.

“We want to limit metastatic spread and preserve the kidneys,” Shuch said. “We don’t want to be doing radical nephrectomies. We want to avoid chronic kidney disease, prevent end-stage renal disease, and maximize quality of life.”

It’s a good idea to avoid surgical removal unless a patient’s tumor grows to be > 3 cm, a line that indicates risk of metastases, he said. 

In terms of treatment, Shuch highlighted a 2021 study that showed benefit in VHL from belzutifan (Welireg), an oral HIF-2 α inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The medication significantly reduced the need for surgical intervention. 

“Patients go on this drug, and surgeons are putting their scalpels down,” said Shuch, who worked on the 2021 study. 

Other hereditary syndromes include the rare hereditary papillary RCC, and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, believed to affect 1 in 200,000 people but may be more common, he said. 

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is linked to lung cysts, lung collapse, and skin manifestations. The 3 cm surgery rule is appropriate in these cases, Shuch said, and metastases are rare.

Another condition, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC, is the most dangerous hereditary form. Originally thought to affect 1 in 200,000 people, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC is similar to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in that it is believed to be more common.

“You will see this,” Shuch predicted. 

Shuch advised colleagues to intervene early and take a large margin during surgery.

He also highlighted familial paraganglioma syndrome, which is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and Cowden syndrome, which is linked to skin manifestations and breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer. 

Shuch reported that he had no disclosures.

The role of hereditary syndromes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) might be easily missed, a kidney cancer specialist said during a recent Association of VA Hematology and Oncology (AVAHO) seminar in Long Beach, California, though careful clinical evaluation can uncover genetic traits that may affect treatment and familial risk.

“The importance of finding or identifying hereditary forms of kidney cancer really should not be underestimated,” said urologist Brian Shuch, MD, director of the UCLA Kidney Cancer Program, on treating veterans with kidney cancer. 

According to Shuch, recent data suggest that about 4.5% of patients with RCC have a hereditary syndrome: “A lot of times, these hide in plain sight. You have to really look deep and try to figure things out and understand that maybe they have a hereditary form of kidney cancer.”

It is important to consider early genetic testing, Shuch said. Red flags for hereditary syndromes include early-onset RCC (age ≤ 45 years), multifocal tumors, bilateral tumors (especially in younger individuals), or a relevant family personal history, he said. 

Unusual skin conditions are also potential signs, Shuch said. These can include leiomyomas, fibrofolliculomas, and angiofibromas: “Patients have lots of lumps or bumps.”

“When I look at a patient, I go head to toe and ask if there any issues with your vision, any issues with your hearing, any issues swallowing,” he explained at the meeting. “Do you have any problems with heart issues, adrenal issues? You’ve got to go through each organ, and it can lead you to different things.”

Shuch highlighted Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, which affects 1 in 25,000 people. About 80% to 90% of these patients have a family history, Shuch said.

But the others do not. “Unfortunately, some get diagnosed later in life because they don’t get cascade testing starting at aged 2, which is recommended. These are the patients who might be coming into the ER with a hemangioblastoma or picking up the phone and all of a sudden being deaf in one ear due to an endolymphatic sac tumor.

“We want to limit metastatic spread and preserve the kidneys,” Shuch said. “We don’t want to be doing radical nephrectomies. We want to avoid chronic kidney disease, prevent end-stage renal disease, and maximize quality of life.”

It’s a good idea to avoid surgical removal unless a patient’s tumor grows to be > 3 cm, a line that indicates risk of metastases, he said. 

In terms of treatment, Shuch highlighted a 2021 study that showed benefit in VHL from belzutifan (Welireg), an oral HIF-2 α inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The medication significantly reduced the need for surgical intervention. 

“Patients go on this drug, and surgeons are putting their scalpels down,” said Shuch, who worked on the 2021 study. 

Other hereditary syndromes include the rare hereditary papillary RCC, and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, believed to affect 1 in 200,000 people but may be more common, he said. 

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is linked to lung cysts, lung collapse, and skin manifestations. The 3 cm surgery rule is appropriate in these cases, Shuch said, and metastases are rare.

Another condition, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC, is the most dangerous hereditary form. Originally thought to affect 1 in 200,000 people, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC is similar to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in that it is believed to be more common.

“You will see this,” Shuch predicted. 

Shuch advised colleagues to intervene early and take a large margin during surgery.

He also highlighted familial paraganglioma syndrome, which is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and Cowden syndrome, which is linked to skin manifestations and breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer. 

Shuch reported that he had no disclosures.

Given the opportunity, 90% of Americans say they would take a blood biomarker test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) — even in the absence of symptoms. Notably, 80% say they wouldn’t wait for a physician to order a test, they’d request one themselves.

The findings, from a recent nationwide survey by the Alzheimer’s Association, suggest a growing desire to predict the risk for or show evidence of AD and related dementias with a simple blood test. For consumers with the inclination and the money, that desire can now become reality.

Once limited to research settings or only available via a physician’s order, blood-based diagnostics for specific biomarkers — primarily pTau-217 and beta-amyloid 42/20 — are now offered by at least four companies in the US. Several others sell blood-based “dementia” panels without those biomarkers and screens for apolipoprotein (APOE) genes, including APOE4, a variant that confers a higher risk for AD.

The companies promote testing to all comers, not just those with a family history or concerns about cognitive symptoms. Test prices range from hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on whether they are included in a company membership, often designed to encourage repeat testing. Blood draws are conducted at home or at certified labs. Buyers don’t need a prescription or to consult with a physician after receiving results.

Knowing results of such tests could be empowering and may encourage people to prepare for their illness, Jessica Mozersky, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the Bioethics Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, told this news organization. A direct-to-consumer (DTC) test also eliminates potential physician-created barriers to testing, she added.

But there are also potential harms.

Based on results, individuals may interpret everyday forgetfulness — like misplacing keys — as a sign that dementia is inevitable. This can lead them to change life plans, rethink the way they spend their time, or begin viewing their future negatively. “It creates unnecessary worry and anxiety,” Mozersky said.

The growing availability of DTC tests — heralded by some experts and discouraged by others — comes as AD and dementia specialists continue to debate whether AD diagnostic and staging criteria should be based only on biomarkers or on criteria that includes both pathology and symptomology.

For many, it raises a fundamental concern: If experts haven’t reached a consensus on blood-based AD biomarker testing, how can consumers be expected to interpret at-home test results?

 

Growing Demand

In 2024, the number of people living with AD passed 7 million. A recent report from the Alzheimer’s Association estimates that number will nearly double by 2060.

The demand for testing also appears to be rising. Similar to the findings in the Alzheimer’s Association’s survey, a small observational study published last year showed that 90% of patients who received a cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarker test ordered by a physician said the decision to get the test was “easy.” For 82%, getting results was positive because it allowed them to plan ahead and to adopt or continue healthy behaviors such as exercise and cognitive activities.

Until now, blood biomarker tests for AD have primarily been available only through a doctor. The tests measure beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217, both of which are strong biomarkers of AD. Some other blood-based biomarkers under investigation include neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).

As reported by Medscape Medical News, the FDA approved the first blood-based AD diagnostic test in May. The Lumipulse G pTau 217/Beta-Amyloid 1-42 is for the early detection of amyloid plaques associated with AD in adults aged 55 years or older who show signs and symptoms of the disease. But it is only available by prescription.

Quest Diagnostics tested the DTC market in 2023, promoting a consumer-initiated test for beta-amyloid 42/40 that had previously been available only through physicians. It was not well-received by clinicians and ethicists. The company withdrew it later that year but continues to sell beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217 tests through physicians, as does its competitor Labcorp.

Today, at least a handful of companies in the US market AD biomarkers directly to the public: Apollo Health, BetterBrain, Function Health, Neurogen Biomarking, and True Health Labs. None of the companies have disclosed ties to pharmaceutical or device companies or test developers.

 

What Can Consumers Get?

Some companies direct customers to a lab for blood sample collection, whereas others send a technician to customers’ homes. The extent of biomarker testing and posttest consultation also vary by company.

Apollo Health customers can order a “BrainScan” for $799, which includes screens for pTau-217, GFAP, and NfL. Buyers get a detailed report that explains each test, the result (in nanograms per liter) and optimal range (ng/L) and potential next steps. A pTau-217 result in the normal range, for instance, would come with a recommendation for repeat testing every 2 years. If someone receives an abnormal result, they are contacted by a health coach who can make a physician referral.

At Function Health, members pay $499 a year to have access to hundreds of tests and a written summary of results by a clinician. All of its “Brain Health” tests, including “Beta-Amyloid 42/40 Ratio,” pTau-217, APOE, MTHFR, DNA, and NfL, are available for an additional undisclosed charge.

BetterBrain has a $399 membership that covers an initial 75-minute consultation with cognitive tests, a “personalized brain health plan,” and a blood test that is a basic panel without AD biomarkers. A $499 membership includes all of that plus an APOE test. A pTau-217 test is available for an additional undisclosed fee.

At Neurogen Biomarking, which started in January, a consumer orders an at-home test kit, and a phlebotomist comes to their home for a blood draw. The consumer then fills out an online cognitive assessment. Test results are reviewed by a board-certified neurologist and discussed with the consumer via a virtual visit. If the person is at low-risk, they are given some educational material. Those at higher risk are referred to Neurogen’s “team of specialty-trained neurologists” for continuing care. Testing costs were not provided by the company.

Consumers can order “Beta-Amyloid 42/40” for $749 and pTau-217 for $229 directly through True Health Labs. No consultations or services are offered.

 

DTC Testing Raises Alarms

It’s unclear where DTC tests fall in terms of regulation. The FDA does not usually review at-home tests for low-risk medical purposes but will generally do so for diagnostics that are for higher-risk conditions “to determine the validity of test claims,” according to the agency’s website.

Consumers, however, don’t usually have easy access to information on biomarker tests’ sensitivity, specificity, or other characteristics that would be used by clinicians or regulatory authorities to assess a test’s validity.

The lack of regulation of consumer-initiated AD testing is one issue cited by critics of at-home tests, including the Alzheimer’s Association.

“None of these tests have been scientifically proven to be accurate,” the association noted in a statement, adding that “the tests can have false positive results, meaning that individuals can have results saying they have dementia when in fact they do not.”

“For these and other reasons, the Alzheimer’s Association believes that home screening tests cannot and should not be used as a substitute for a thorough examination by a skilled physician. The whole process of assessment and diagnosis should be carried out within the context of an ongoing relationship with a responsible and qualified healthcare professional,” the statement said.

The association also said that biomarker tests should not be ordered — even by physicians — for asymptomatic individuals.

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) does not have a position on DTC tests for AD biomarkers, a spokesperson told this news organization. In a 2021 paper on ethical considerations for diagnosis and care, an AAN committee said that biomarker testing could be clinically useful for some symptomatic patients, but testing asymptomatic individuals is “recommended solely in a research setting” because of potential harms “and the absence of interventions capable of favorably altering the natural history of the disease.”

Eric Topol, MD, chair of the Department of Translational Medicine at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, is bullish on the potential for blood-based biomarker tests. In a blog post, he called the pTau-217 biomarker “one of the most exciting advances in neurology for decades, giving us a new opportunity to accurately predict and potentially prevent (or at least substantially delay) mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s.”

But, wrote Topol, who is the former editor in chief of MedscapeMedical News, “I don’t think these biomarkers are going to be useful in people at low risk.” He wrote that testing should not be used by people who are “cognitively intact” or to tell someone they have pre-AD. “More work needs to be done to determine whether lowering one’s pTau-217 will alter the brain plaque progression and be seen as a disease-modifier,” wrote Topol.

 

The Risks of Knowing

Some people don’t want to know their biomarker status. In a study in May in JAMA Network Open, Mozersky and colleagues reported that while 81% of a group of cognitively normal participants in a longitudinal study of dementia said they wanted to see results, only 60% ultimately opted to get results after testing. Participants said they did not want to know because they didn’t want to become a burden on their family or that they felt fine; others had concerns about whether the tests were accurate.

That low number “surprised us,” said Mozersky. “Our study certainly suggests that when you’re really faced with knowing, that your answer is more likely to possibly be no,” she added.

DTC companies tell buyers that results could motivate them to change their lifestyle to reduce their future risk for AD and dementia. But some participants in Mozersky’s study said they didn’t want to know their status because there were no preventive treatments. Test results weren’t seen as “actionable,” she said.

Some studies have shown a degree of fatalism in individuals after receiving a test result, whether it’s positive or negative.

A group of Israeli researchers studied responses of people given PET scans to detect beta-amyloid. Before testing, all participants said they were motivated to adopt lifestyle changes to fight dementia. However, after testing, both those who had elevated beta-amyloid and those who did not reported a much lower desire to change their lifestyle. Those with normal scans probably felt relieved, wrote the researchers. The group with abnormal scans was too small to fully understand their reaction, they wrote.

Concerns about insurance coverage might also deter potential test-takers. Overall, 44% of those responding to the Alzheimer’s Association survey said they were worried that insurers might not cover healthcare costs in the future if they had received a positive test earlier. Respondents also worried about test accuracy, the cost of testing, and whether a positive test might lead to a prohibition on some activities, like driving.

 

What About the Doctors?

The DTC companies promise buyers that results will be private and won’t be shared with insurers — or with clinicians. And that raises another issue for many who are concerned about the lack of a physician intermediary with at-home testing.

“You remove the opportunity for clinicians to both review the result and figure out how to interpret it before it’s communicated to the patient,” Jalayne J. Arias, JD, a bioethicist and associate professor of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences at Georgia State University, Atlanta, told this news organization.

Many in the field have been “thinking really carefully about how do we provide guidance to clinicians about biomarker testing,” she said. “Those issues are just heightened when we put it into a direct-to-consumer model,” Arias said.

Arias — who with colleagues published an analysis of potential insurance issues with biomarker tests in JAMA Neurology — said that prohibitions against discrimination based on preexisting conditions means that most likely, health insurers could not use testing data to deny coverage or increase premiums.

But, she said, “there are some question marks around the discrimination risks.” This is especially true for people seeking long-term care, disability or life insurance, she added.

If a test result is not documented in a medical record, it’s not clear whether the individual has an obligation to disclose the result to an insurer, said Arias.

Given all the unanswered questions about how results should be interpreted, to whom the results should be disclosed, and when and how to have discussions with patients, “it’s hard for me to imagine that we’re quite ready for a direct-to-consumer” test, Arias said.

Mozersky noted that Washington University has a financial stake in C2N Diagnostics, which makes the PrecivityAD — biomarker tests for AD. Arias reported having no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Given the opportunity, 90% of Americans say they would take a blood biomarker test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) — even in the absence of symptoms. Notably, 80% say they wouldn’t wait for a physician to order a test, they’d request one themselves.

The findings, from a recent nationwide survey by the Alzheimer’s Association, suggest a growing desire to predict the risk for or show evidence of AD and related dementias with a simple blood test. For consumers with the inclination and the money, that desire can now become reality.

Once limited to research settings or only available via a physician’s order, blood-based diagnostics for specific biomarkers — primarily pTau-217 and beta-amyloid 42/20 — are now offered by at least four companies in the US. Several others sell blood-based “dementia” panels without those biomarkers and screens for apolipoprotein (APOE) genes, including APOE4, a variant that confers a higher risk for AD.

The companies promote testing to all comers, not just those with a family history or concerns about cognitive symptoms. Test prices range from hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on whether they are included in a company membership, often designed to encourage repeat testing. Blood draws are conducted at home or at certified labs. Buyers don’t need a prescription or to consult with a physician after receiving results.

Knowing results of such tests could be empowering and may encourage people to prepare for their illness, Jessica Mozersky, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the Bioethics Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, told this news organization. A direct-to-consumer (DTC) test also eliminates potential physician-created barriers to testing, she added.

But there are also potential harms.

Based on results, individuals may interpret everyday forgetfulness — like misplacing keys — as a sign that dementia is inevitable. This can lead them to change life plans, rethink the way they spend their time, or begin viewing their future negatively. “It creates unnecessary worry and anxiety,” Mozersky said.

The growing availability of DTC tests — heralded by some experts and discouraged by others — comes as AD and dementia specialists continue to debate whether AD diagnostic and staging criteria should be based only on biomarkers or on criteria that includes both pathology and symptomology.

For many, it raises a fundamental concern: If experts haven’t reached a consensus on blood-based AD biomarker testing, how can consumers be expected to interpret at-home test results?

 

Growing Demand

In 2024, the number of people living with AD passed 7 million. A recent report from the Alzheimer’s Association estimates that number will nearly double by 2060.

The demand for testing also appears to be rising. Similar to the findings in the Alzheimer’s Association’s survey, a small observational study published last year showed that 90% of patients who received a cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarker test ordered by a physician said the decision to get the test was “easy.” For 82%, getting results was positive because it allowed them to plan ahead and to adopt or continue healthy behaviors such as exercise and cognitive activities.

Until now, blood biomarker tests for AD have primarily been available only through a doctor. The tests measure beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217, both of which are strong biomarkers of AD. Some other blood-based biomarkers under investigation include neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).

As reported by Medscape Medical News, the FDA approved the first blood-based AD diagnostic test in May. The Lumipulse G pTau 217/Beta-Amyloid 1-42 is for the early detection of amyloid plaques associated with AD in adults aged 55 years or older who show signs and symptoms of the disease. But it is only available by prescription.

Quest Diagnostics tested the DTC market in 2023, promoting a consumer-initiated test for beta-amyloid 42/40 that had previously been available only through physicians. It was not well-received by clinicians and ethicists. The company withdrew it later that year but continues to sell beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217 tests through physicians, as does its competitor Labcorp.

Today, at least a handful of companies in the US market AD biomarkers directly to the public: Apollo Health, BetterBrain, Function Health, Neurogen Biomarking, and True Health Labs. None of the companies have disclosed ties to pharmaceutical or device companies or test developers.

 

What Can Consumers Get?

Some companies direct customers to a lab for blood sample collection, whereas others send a technician to customers’ homes. The extent of biomarker testing and posttest consultation also vary by company.

Apollo Health customers can order a “BrainScan” for $799, which includes screens for pTau-217, GFAP, and NfL. Buyers get a detailed report that explains each test, the result (in nanograms per liter) and optimal range (ng/L) and potential next steps. A pTau-217 result in the normal range, for instance, would come with a recommendation for repeat testing every 2 years. If someone receives an abnormal result, they are contacted by a health coach who can make a physician referral.

At Function Health, members pay $499 a year to have access to hundreds of tests and a written summary of results by a clinician. All of its “Brain Health” tests, including “Beta-Amyloid 42/40 Ratio,” pTau-217, APOE, MTHFR, DNA, and NfL, are available for an additional undisclosed charge.

BetterBrain has a $399 membership that covers an initial 75-minute consultation with cognitive tests, a “personalized brain health plan,” and a blood test that is a basic panel without AD biomarkers. A $499 membership includes all of that plus an APOE test. A pTau-217 test is available for an additional undisclosed fee.

At Neurogen Biomarking, which started in January, a consumer orders an at-home test kit, and a phlebotomist comes to their home for a blood draw. The consumer then fills out an online cognitive assessment. Test results are reviewed by a board-certified neurologist and discussed with the consumer via a virtual visit. If the person is at low-risk, they are given some educational material. Those at higher risk are referred to Neurogen’s “team of specialty-trained neurologists” for continuing care. Testing costs were not provided by the company.

Consumers can order “Beta-Amyloid 42/40” for $749 and pTau-217 for $229 directly through True Health Labs. No consultations or services are offered.

 

DTC Testing Raises Alarms

It’s unclear where DTC tests fall in terms of regulation. The FDA does not usually review at-home tests for low-risk medical purposes but will generally do so for diagnostics that are for higher-risk conditions “to determine the validity of test claims,” according to the agency’s website.

Consumers, however, don’t usually have easy access to information on biomarker tests’ sensitivity, specificity, or other characteristics that would be used by clinicians or regulatory authorities to assess a test’s validity.

The lack of regulation of consumer-initiated AD testing is one issue cited by critics of at-home tests, including the Alzheimer’s Association.

“None of these tests have been scientifically proven to be accurate,” the association noted in a statement, adding that “the tests can have false positive results, meaning that individuals can have results saying they have dementia when in fact they do not.”

“For these and other reasons, the Alzheimer’s Association believes that home screening tests cannot and should not be used as a substitute for a thorough examination by a skilled physician. The whole process of assessment and diagnosis should be carried out within the context of an ongoing relationship with a responsible and qualified healthcare professional,” the statement said.

The association also said that biomarker tests should not be ordered — even by physicians — for asymptomatic individuals.

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) does not have a position on DTC tests for AD biomarkers, a spokesperson told this news organization. In a 2021 paper on ethical considerations for diagnosis and care, an AAN committee said that biomarker testing could be clinically useful for some symptomatic patients, but testing asymptomatic individuals is “recommended solely in a research setting” because of potential harms “and the absence of interventions capable of favorably altering the natural history of the disease.”

Eric Topol, MD, chair of the Department of Translational Medicine at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, is bullish on the potential for blood-based biomarker tests. In a blog post, he called the pTau-217 biomarker “one of the most exciting advances in neurology for decades, giving us a new opportunity to accurately predict and potentially prevent (or at least substantially delay) mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s.”

But, wrote Topol, who is the former editor in chief of MedscapeMedical News, “I don’t think these biomarkers are going to be useful in people at low risk.” He wrote that testing should not be used by people who are “cognitively intact” or to tell someone they have pre-AD. “More work needs to be done to determine whether lowering one’s pTau-217 will alter the brain plaque progression and be seen as a disease-modifier,” wrote Topol.

 

The Risks of Knowing

Some people don’t want to know their biomarker status. In a study in May in JAMA Network Open, Mozersky and colleagues reported that while 81% of a group of cognitively normal participants in a longitudinal study of dementia said they wanted to see results, only 60% ultimately opted to get results after testing. Participants said they did not want to know because they didn’t want to become a burden on their family or that they felt fine; others had concerns about whether the tests were accurate.

That low number “surprised us,” said Mozersky. “Our study certainly suggests that when you’re really faced with knowing, that your answer is more likely to possibly be no,” she added.

DTC companies tell buyers that results could motivate them to change their lifestyle to reduce their future risk for AD and dementia. But some participants in Mozersky’s study said they didn’t want to know their status because there were no preventive treatments. Test results weren’t seen as “actionable,” she said.

Some studies have shown a degree of fatalism in individuals after receiving a test result, whether it’s positive or negative.

A group of Israeli researchers studied responses of people given PET scans to detect beta-amyloid. Before testing, all participants said they were motivated to adopt lifestyle changes to fight dementia. However, after testing, both those who had elevated beta-amyloid and those who did not reported a much lower desire to change their lifestyle. Those with normal scans probably felt relieved, wrote the researchers. The group with abnormal scans was too small to fully understand their reaction, they wrote.

Concerns about insurance coverage might also deter potential test-takers. Overall, 44% of those responding to the Alzheimer’s Association survey said they were worried that insurers might not cover healthcare costs in the future if they had received a positive test earlier. Respondents also worried about test accuracy, the cost of testing, and whether a positive test might lead to a prohibition on some activities, like driving.

 

What About the Doctors?

The DTC companies promise buyers that results will be private and won’t be shared with insurers — or with clinicians. And that raises another issue for many who are concerned about the lack of a physician intermediary with at-home testing.

“You remove the opportunity for clinicians to both review the result and figure out how to interpret it before it’s communicated to the patient,” Jalayne J. Arias, JD, a bioethicist and associate professor of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences at Georgia State University, Atlanta, told this news organization.

Many in the field have been “thinking really carefully about how do we provide guidance to clinicians about biomarker testing,” she said. “Those issues are just heightened when we put it into a direct-to-consumer model,” Arias said.

Arias — who with colleagues published an analysis of potential insurance issues with biomarker tests in JAMA Neurology — said that prohibitions against discrimination based on preexisting conditions means that most likely, health insurers could not use testing data to deny coverage or increase premiums.

But, she said, “there are some question marks around the discrimination risks.” This is especially true for people seeking long-term care, disability or life insurance, she added.

If a test result is not documented in a medical record, it’s not clear whether the individual has an obligation to disclose the result to an insurer, said Arias.

Given all the unanswered questions about how results should be interpreted, to whom the results should be disclosed, and when and how to have discussions with patients, “it’s hard for me to imagine that we’re quite ready for a direct-to-consumer” test, Arias said.

Mozersky noted that Washington University has a financial stake in C2N Diagnostics, which makes the PrecivityAD — biomarker tests for AD. Arias reported having no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Given the opportunity, 90% of Americans say they would take a blood biomarker test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) — even in the absence of symptoms. Notably, 80% say they wouldn’t wait for a physician to order a test, they’d request one themselves.

The findings, from a recent nationwide survey by the Alzheimer’s Association, suggest a growing desire to predict the risk for or show evidence of AD and related dementias with a simple blood test. For consumers with the inclination and the money, that desire can now become reality.

Once limited to research settings or only available via a physician’s order, blood-based diagnostics for specific biomarkers — primarily pTau-217 and beta-amyloid 42/20 — are now offered by at least four companies in the US. Several others sell blood-based “dementia” panels without those biomarkers and screens for apolipoprotein (APOE) genes, including APOE4, a variant that confers a higher risk for AD.

The companies promote testing to all comers, not just those with a family history or concerns about cognitive symptoms. Test prices range from hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on whether they are included in a company membership, often designed to encourage repeat testing. Blood draws are conducted at home or at certified labs. Buyers don’t need a prescription or to consult with a physician after receiving results.

Knowing results of such tests could be empowering and may encourage people to prepare for their illness, Jessica Mozersky, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the Bioethics Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, told this news organization. A direct-to-consumer (DTC) test also eliminates potential physician-created barriers to testing, she added.

But there are also potential harms.

Based on results, individuals may interpret everyday forgetfulness — like misplacing keys — as a sign that dementia is inevitable. This can lead them to change life plans, rethink the way they spend their time, or begin viewing their future negatively. “It creates unnecessary worry and anxiety,” Mozersky said.

The growing availability of DTC tests — heralded by some experts and discouraged by others — comes as AD and dementia specialists continue to debate whether AD diagnostic and staging criteria should be based only on biomarkers or on criteria that includes both pathology and symptomology.

For many, it raises a fundamental concern: If experts haven’t reached a consensus on blood-based AD biomarker testing, how can consumers be expected to interpret at-home test results?

 

Growing Demand

In 2024, the number of people living with AD passed 7 million. A recent report from the Alzheimer’s Association estimates that number will nearly double by 2060.

The demand for testing also appears to be rising. Similar to the findings in the Alzheimer’s Association’s survey, a small observational study published last year showed that 90% of patients who received a cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarker test ordered by a physician said the decision to get the test was “easy.” For 82%, getting results was positive because it allowed them to plan ahead and to adopt or continue healthy behaviors such as exercise and cognitive activities.

Until now, blood biomarker tests for AD have primarily been available only through a doctor. The tests measure beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217, both of which are strong biomarkers of AD. Some other blood-based biomarkers under investigation include neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).

As reported by Medscape Medical News, the FDA approved the first blood-based AD diagnostic test in May. The Lumipulse G pTau 217/Beta-Amyloid 1-42 is for the early detection of amyloid plaques associated with AD in adults aged 55 years or older who show signs and symptoms of the disease. But it is only available by prescription.

Quest Diagnostics tested the DTC market in 2023, promoting a consumer-initiated test for beta-amyloid 42/40 that had previously been available only through physicians. It was not well-received by clinicians and ethicists. The company withdrew it later that year but continues to sell beta-amyloid 42/20 and pTau-217 tests through physicians, as does its competitor Labcorp.

Today, at least a handful of companies in the US market AD biomarkers directly to the public: Apollo Health, BetterBrain, Function Health, Neurogen Biomarking, and True Health Labs. None of the companies have disclosed ties to pharmaceutical or device companies or test developers.

 

What Can Consumers Get?

Some companies direct customers to a lab for blood sample collection, whereas others send a technician to customers’ homes. The extent of biomarker testing and posttest consultation also vary by company.

Apollo Health customers can order a “BrainScan” for $799, which includes screens for pTau-217, GFAP, and NfL. Buyers get a detailed report that explains each test, the result (in nanograms per liter) and optimal range (ng/L) and potential next steps. A pTau-217 result in the normal range, for instance, would come with a recommendation for repeat testing every 2 years. If someone receives an abnormal result, they are contacted by a health coach who can make a physician referral.

At Function Health, members pay $499 a year to have access to hundreds of tests and a written summary of results by a clinician. All of its “Brain Health” tests, including “Beta-Amyloid 42/40 Ratio,” pTau-217, APOE, MTHFR, DNA, and NfL, are available for an additional undisclosed charge.

BetterBrain has a $399 membership that covers an initial 75-minute consultation with cognitive tests, a “personalized brain health plan,” and a blood test that is a basic panel without AD biomarkers. A $499 membership includes all of that plus an APOE test. A pTau-217 test is available for an additional undisclosed fee.

At Neurogen Biomarking, which started in January, a consumer orders an at-home test kit, and a phlebotomist comes to their home for a blood draw. The consumer then fills out an online cognitive assessment. Test results are reviewed by a board-certified neurologist and discussed with the consumer via a virtual visit. If the person is at low-risk, they are given some educational material. Those at higher risk are referred to Neurogen’s “team of specialty-trained neurologists” for continuing care. Testing costs were not provided by the company.

Consumers can order “Beta-Amyloid 42/40” for $749 and pTau-217 for $229 directly through True Health Labs. No consultations or services are offered.

 

DTC Testing Raises Alarms

It’s unclear where DTC tests fall in terms of regulation. The FDA does not usually review at-home tests for low-risk medical purposes but will generally do so for diagnostics that are for higher-risk conditions “to determine the validity of test claims,” according to the agency’s website.

Consumers, however, don’t usually have easy access to information on biomarker tests’ sensitivity, specificity, or other characteristics that would be used by clinicians or regulatory authorities to assess a test’s validity.

The lack of regulation of consumer-initiated AD testing is one issue cited by critics of at-home tests, including the Alzheimer’s Association.

“None of these tests have been scientifically proven to be accurate,” the association noted in a statement, adding that “the tests can have false positive results, meaning that individuals can have results saying they have dementia when in fact they do not.”

“For these and other reasons, the Alzheimer’s Association believes that home screening tests cannot and should not be used as a substitute for a thorough examination by a skilled physician. The whole process of assessment and diagnosis should be carried out within the context of an ongoing relationship with a responsible and qualified healthcare professional,” the statement said.

The association also said that biomarker tests should not be ordered — even by physicians — for asymptomatic individuals.

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) does not have a position on DTC tests for AD biomarkers, a spokesperson told this news organization. In a 2021 paper on ethical considerations for diagnosis and care, an AAN committee said that biomarker testing could be clinically useful for some symptomatic patients, but testing asymptomatic individuals is “recommended solely in a research setting” because of potential harms “and the absence of interventions capable of favorably altering the natural history of the disease.”

Eric Topol, MD, chair of the Department of Translational Medicine at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, is bullish on the potential for blood-based biomarker tests. In a blog post, he called the pTau-217 biomarker “one of the most exciting advances in neurology for decades, giving us a new opportunity to accurately predict and potentially prevent (or at least substantially delay) mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s.”

But, wrote Topol, who is the former editor in chief of MedscapeMedical News, “I don’t think these biomarkers are going to be useful in people at low risk.” He wrote that testing should not be used by people who are “cognitively intact” or to tell someone they have pre-AD. “More work needs to be done to determine whether lowering one’s pTau-217 will alter the brain plaque progression and be seen as a disease-modifier,” wrote Topol.

 

The Risks of Knowing

Some people don’t want to know their biomarker status. In a study in May in JAMA Network Open, Mozersky and colleagues reported that while 81% of a group of cognitively normal participants in a longitudinal study of dementia said they wanted to see results, only 60% ultimately opted to get results after testing. Participants said they did not want to know because they didn’t want to become a burden on their family or that they felt fine; others had concerns about whether the tests were accurate.

That low number “surprised us,” said Mozersky. “Our study certainly suggests that when you’re really faced with knowing, that your answer is more likely to possibly be no,” she added.

DTC companies tell buyers that results could motivate them to change their lifestyle to reduce their future risk for AD and dementia. But some participants in Mozersky’s study said they didn’t want to know their status because there were no preventive treatments. Test results weren’t seen as “actionable,” she said.

Some studies have shown a degree of fatalism in individuals after receiving a test result, whether it’s positive or negative.

A group of Israeli researchers studied responses of people given PET scans to detect beta-amyloid. Before testing, all participants said they were motivated to adopt lifestyle changes to fight dementia. However, after testing, both those who had elevated beta-amyloid and those who did not reported a much lower desire to change their lifestyle. Those with normal scans probably felt relieved, wrote the researchers. The group with abnormal scans was too small to fully understand their reaction, they wrote.

Concerns about insurance coverage might also deter potential test-takers. Overall, 44% of those responding to the Alzheimer’s Association survey said they were worried that insurers might not cover healthcare costs in the future if they had received a positive test earlier. Respondents also worried about test accuracy, the cost of testing, and whether a positive test might lead to a prohibition on some activities, like driving.

 

What About the Doctors?

The DTC companies promise buyers that results will be private and won’t be shared with insurers — or with clinicians. And that raises another issue for many who are concerned about the lack of a physician intermediary with at-home testing.

“You remove the opportunity for clinicians to both review the result and figure out how to interpret it before it’s communicated to the patient,” Jalayne J. Arias, JD, a bioethicist and associate professor of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences at Georgia State University, Atlanta, told this news organization.

Many in the field have been “thinking really carefully about how do we provide guidance to clinicians about biomarker testing,” she said. “Those issues are just heightened when we put it into a direct-to-consumer model,” Arias said.

Arias — who with colleagues published an analysis of potential insurance issues with biomarker tests in JAMA Neurology — said that prohibitions against discrimination based on preexisting conditions means that most likely, health insurers could not use testing data to deny coverage or increase premiums.

But, she said, “there are some question marks around the discrimination risks.” This is especially true for people seeking long-term care, disability or life insurance, she added.

If a test result is not documented in a medical record, it’s not clear whether the individual has an obligation to disclose the result to an insurer, said Arias.

Given all the unanswered questions about how results should be interpreted, to whom the results should be disclosed, and when and how to have discussions with patients, “it’s hard for me to imagine that we’re quite ready for a direct-to-consumer” test, Arias said.

Mozersky noted that Washington University has a financial stake in C2N Diagnostics, which makes the PrecivityAD — biomarker tests for AD. Arias reported having no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Hello. I’m Dr Maurie Markman, from City of Hope. I’d like to discuss what I consider to be an absolutely fascinating paper, and one that I will say has very interesting results but raises many more questions than it answers. I think that was the intent of the authors.

The paper is entitled, “Addition of metastasis-directed therapy to systemic therapy for oligometastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (EXTEND): a multicenter, randomized phase 2 trial,” published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

You might ask what metastasis-directed therapy in pancreatic cancer means. Have we really made much of an impact on pancreatic cancer? In fact, in my earlier years of training, if somebody came up with the idea, or suggested as part of a trial or treatment of an individual patient, that they would focus on metastases in pancreas cancer, you might say they’re crazy, or you might say: “Yeah, but they probably don’t know anything about the disease and its natural history.” 

Now, fast forward several decades. Even with the recognized, modest advances in systemic therapy, what we see are tremendous, really remarkable advances in innovations in radiation therapy. Of course, this includes not only the use of radiation itself but also the imaging technology that is used to direct the radiation therapy. These advances have permitted asking the questions that are addressed in the current study. 

Again, this study is fascinating. They randomized a very small number. Again, it’s a randomized phase 2 study. It’s really more of a proof of principle here. They randomized 41 patients with five or fewer metastatic lesions — with oligometastatic disease, they could have numerous lesions — to undergo what they’ve described as comprehensive metastases-directed therapy.

Most of this was external beam radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy, but there were some localized radiation implants as well, plus chemotherapy. This was comprehensive metastases-directed therapy to each of these sites plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone.

What was shown in this trial? The progression-free survival (PFS) in the metastases-directed therapy group was 10.3 months vs 2.5 months in the group of patients who received chemotherapy only, with a hazard ratio of 0.43 and statistical significance.

Remember, this was a very small study, but we see more than a tripling in the PFS. There was no difference in overall survival, which is not at all surprising because it was a very small sample size. 

Very importantly — and essential to doing this trial ethically — a crossover was permitted at the time of progression, meaning that if a patient received chemotherapy only and progressed, they could potentially get stereotactic radiation to sites of metastatic disease. They might have also benefited from that kind of strategy to the metastasis-[therapy] so that overall survival in the small population may not be different. Again, there was a tripling of the time to disease progression.

Clearly, a larger study will be required to be more definitive. We would need more centers involved and maybe some modification in the study design in this trial because of any issues that the investigators may have identified. Of course, overall survival would be a fair endpoint to look at, but again, crossover would be essential, and that might influence an ultimate outcome. PFS is a very valid endpoint.

The only other point to mention is, with these results — and as I mentioned, advances in radiation and imaging — is it reasonable to potentially consider this type of approach for individual patients as a component of aggressive standard of care? Of course, this would be with very adequate informed consent from patients, because we don’t know what the impact will be. 

With the limited morbidity associated with the radiation, for an individual patient with pancreatic cancer who has an adequate performance status and limited metastases, if we give them chemotherapy and also directed radiation, is it reasonable to consider that as an appropriate treatment option outside the setting of a clinical trial?

I think this is a very valid question that needs to be addressed. In my opinion, the answer in some settings should be yes, but that needs to be discussed much more widely than simply in this randomized phase 2 trial.

Thank you for your attention.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Hello. I’m Dr Maurie Markman, from City of Hope. I’d like to discuss what I consider to be an absolutely fascinating paper, and one that I will say has very interesting results but raises many more questions than it answers. I think that was the intent of the authors.

The paper is entitled, “Addition of metastasis-directed therapy to systemic therapy for oligometastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (EXTEND): a multicenter, randomized phase 2 trial,” published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

You might ask what metastasis-directed therapy in pancreatic cancer means. Have we really made much of an impact on pancreatic cancer? In fact, in my earlier years of training, if somebody came up with the idea, or suggested as part of a trial or treatment of an individual patient, that they would focus on metastases in pancreas cancer, you might say they’re crazy, or you might say: “Yeah, but they probably don’t know anything about the disease and its natural history.” 

Now, fast forward several decades. Even with the recognized, modest advances in systemic therapy, what we see are tremendous, really remarkable advances in innovations in radiation therapy. Of course, this includes not only the use of radiation itself but also the imaging technology that is used to direct the radiation therapy. These advances have permitted asking the questions that are addressed in the current study. 

Again, this study is fascinating. They randomized a very small number. Again, it’s a randomized phase 2 study. It’s really more of a proof of principle here. They randomized 41 patients with five or fewer metastatic lesions — with oligometastatic disease, they could have numerous lesions — to undergo what they’ve described as comprehensive metastases-directed therapy.

Most of this was external beam radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy, but there were some localized radiation implants as well, plus chemotherapy. This was comprehensive metastases-directed therapy to each of these sites plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone.

What was shown in this trial? The progression-free survival (PFS) in the metastases-directed therapy group was 10.3 months vs 2.5 months in the group of patients who received chemotherapy only, with a hazard ratio of 0.43 and statistical significance.

Remember, this was a very small study, but we see more than a tripling in the PFS. There was no difference in overall survival, which is not at all surprising because it was a very small sample size. 

Very importantly — and essential to doing this trial ethically — a crossover was permitted at the time of progression, meaning that if a patient received chemotherapy only and progressed, they could potentially get stereotactic radiation to sites of metastatic disease. They might have also benefited from that kind of strategy to the metastasis-[therapy] so that overall survival in the small population may not be different. Again, there was a tripling of the time to disease progression.

Clearly, a larger study will be required to be more definitive. We would need more centers involved and maybe some modification in the study design in this trial because of any issues that the investigators may have identified. Of course, overall survival would be a fair endpoint to look at, but again, crossover would be essential, and that might influence an ultimate outcome. PFS is a very valid endpoint.

The only other point to mention is, with these results — and as I mentioned, advances in radiation and imaging — is it reasonable to potentially consider this type of approach for individual patients as a component of aggressive standard of care? Of course, this would be with very adequate informed consent from patients, because we don’t know what the impact will be. 

With the limited morbidity associated with the radiation, for an individual patient with pancreatic cancer who has an adequate performance status and limited metastases, if we give them chemotherapy and also directed radiation, is it reasonable to consider that as an appropriate treatment option outside the setting of a clinical trial?

I think this is a very valid question that needs to be addressed. In my opinion, the answer in some settings should be yes, but that needs to be discussed much more widely than simply in this randomized phase 2 trial.

Thank you for your attention.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Hello. I’m Dr Maurie Markman, from City of Hope. I’d like to discuss what I consider to be an absolutely fascinating paper, and one that I will say has very interesting results but raises many more questions than it answers. I think that was the intent of the authors.

The paper is entitled, “Addition of metastasis-directed therapy to systemic therapy for oligometastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (EXTEND): a multicenter, randomized phase 2 trial,” published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

You might ask what metastasis-directed therapy in pancreatic cancer means. Have we really made much of an impact on pancreatic cancer? In fact, in my earlier years of training, if somebody came up with the idea, or suggested as part of a trial or treatment of an individual patient, that they would focus on metastases in pancreas cancer, you might say they’re crazy, or you might say: “Yeah, but they probably don’t know anything about the disease and its natural history.” 

Now, fast forward several decades. Even with the recognized, modest advances in systemic therapy, what we see are tremendous, really remarkable advances in innovations in radiation therapy. Of course, this includes not only the use of radiation itself but also the imaging technology that is used to direct the radiation therapy. These advances have permitted asking the questions that are addressed in the current study. 

Again, this study is fascinating. They randomized a very small number. Again, it’s a randomized phase 2 study. It’s really more of a proof of principle here. They randomized 41 patients with five or fewer metastatic lesions — with oligometastatic disease, they could have numerous lesions — to undergo what they’ve described as comprehensive metastases-directed therapy.

Most of this was external beam radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy, but there were some localized radiation implants as well, plus chemotherapy. This was comprehensive metastases-directed therapy to each of these sites plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone.

What was shown in this trial? The progression-free survival (PFS) in the metastases-directed therapy group was 10.3 months vs 2.5 months in the group of patients who received chemotherapy only, with a hazard ratio of 0.43 and statistical significance.

Remember, this was a very small study, but we see more than a tripling in the PFS. There was no difference in overall survival, which is not at all surprising because it was a very small sample size. 

Very importantly — and essential to doing this trial ethically — a crossover was permitted at the time of progression, meaning that if a patient received chemotherapy only and progressed, they could potentially get stereotactic radiation to sites of metastatic disease. They might have also benefited from that kind of strategy to the metastasis-[therapy] so that overall survival in the small population may not be different. Again, there was a tripling of the time to disease progression.

Clearly, a larger study will be required to be more definitive. We would need more centers involved and maybe some modification in the study design in this trial because of any issues that the investigators may have identified. Of course, overall survival would be a fair endpoint to look at, but again, crossover would be essential, and that might influence an ultimate outcome. PFS is a very valid endpoint.

The only other point to mention is, with these results — and as I mentioned, advances in radiation and imaging — is it reasonable to potentially consider this type of approach for individual patients as a component of aggressive standard of care? Of course, this would be with very adequate informed consent from patients, because we don’t know what the impact will be. 

With the limited morbidity associated with the radiation, for an individual patient with pancreatic cancer who has an adequate performance status and limited metastases, if we give them chemotherapy and also directed radiation, is it reasonable to consider that as an appropriate treatment option outside the setting of a clinical trial?

I think this is a very valid question that needs to be addressed. In my opinion, the answer in some settings should be yes, but that needs to be discussed much more widely than simply in this randomized phase 2 trial.

Thank you for your attention.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDOH) are associated with the burden, comorbidities, and mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease (MASLD). These health mediators should be considered along with individual SDOH in clinical care and healthcare quality and equity improvement, a large retrospective study of adults with MASLD at a multi-state healthcare institution concluded.

Across quartiles, patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (according to home addresses) vs the least disadvantaged had worse outcomes and were also disproportionately Hispanic, Black, and Native American/Alaska Native, more often Spanish-speaking in primary language, and more often uninsured or on Medicaid, according to Karn Wijarnpreecha, MD, MPH, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, and colleagues writing in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Even after adjustment for measures in the Social Deprivation Index (SDI), the incidence of death, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was higher in Native American/Alaska Native patients compared with their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The SDI is a composite measure of seven demographic characteristics from the American Community Survey, with scores ranging from 1 to 100 and weighted based on characteristics from national percentile rankings.

Aligning with the growing prevalence of obesity and DM, MASLD has increased substantially over the past three decades, and is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in this country and the world. 

This rise in prevalence has underscored health disparities in MASLD and prompted research into linkd between liver disease and SDOH, defined as the conditions under which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These are fundamental drivers of health disparities, including those in MASLD.
 

Study Details

Primary outcomes were MASLD burden, mortality, and comorbidities by neighborhood SDOH, assessed using the SDI in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

A total of 69,191 adult patients (more than 50% female) diagnosed with MASLD were included, 45,003 of whom had at least 365 days of follow-up. They were treated from July 2012 to June 2023 in Banner Health Systems, a network that includes primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-care centers in Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, Nebraska, and California.

The median follow-up time was 48 months. Among patients across SDI quartiles (age range 49 to 62 years), 1390 patients (3.1%) died, 902 (2.0%) developed cirrhosis, 1087 (2.4%) developed LRE, 6537 (14.5%) developed DM, 2057 (4.6%) developed cancer, and 5409 (12.0%) developed MACE.

Those living in the most disadvantaged quartile of neighborhoods compared with the least had the following higher odds:

• cirrhosis, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.42 (P < .001)
• any cardiovascular (CVD) disease, aOR, 1.20 (P < .001),
• coronary artery disease, aOR, 1.17 (P < .001)
• congestive heart failure, aOR, 1.43 (P < .001)
• cerebrovascular accident, aOR, 1.19 (P = .001)
• DM, aOR, 1.57 (P < .001)
• hypertension, aOR, 1.38 (P < .001).

They also had increased incidence of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.47; P < .001), LRE (aHR, 1.31; P = .012), DM (aHR, 1.47; P < .001), and MACE (aHR, 1.24; P < .001). 

The study expands upon previous SDOH-related research in liver disease and is the largest analysis of neighborhood-level SDOH in patients with MASLD to date. “Our findings are consistent with a recent study by Chen et al of over 15,900 patients with MASLD in Michigan that found neighborhood-level social disadvantage was associated with increased mortality and incident LREs and CVD,” Wijarnpreecha and colleagues wrote. 

“Beyond screening patients for individual-level SDOH, neighborhood-level determinants of health should also be considered, as they are important mediators between the environment and the individual,” they added, calling for studies to better understand the specific neighborhood SDOH that drive the disparate outcomes. In practice, integration of these measures into medical records might inform clinicians which patients would benefit from social services or help guide quality improvement projects and community partnerships.

Wijarnpreecha had no conflicts of interest to disclose. Several coauthors reported research support, consulting/advisory work, or stock ownership for various private-sector companies.
 

Neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDOH) are associated with the burden, comorbidities, and mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease (MASLD). These health mediators should be considered along with individual SDOH in clinical care and healthcare quality and equity improvement, a large retrospective study of adults with MASLD at a multi-state healthcare institution concluded.

Across quartiles, patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (according to home addresses) vs the least disadvantaged had worse outcomes and were also disproportionately Hispanic, Black, and Native American/Alaska Native, more often Spanish-speaking in primary language, and more often uninsured or on Medicaid, according to Karn Wijarnpreecha, MD, MPH, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, and colleagues writing in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Even after adjustment for measures in the Social Deprivation Index (SDI), the incidence of death, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was higher in Native American/Alaska Native patients compared with their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The SDI is a composite measure of seven demographic characteristics from the American Community Survey, with scores ranging from 1 to 100 and weighted based on characteristics from national percentile rankings.

Aligning with the growing prevalence of obesity and DM, MASLD has increased substantially over the past three decades, and is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in this country and the world. 

This rise in prevalence has underscored health disparities in MASLD and prompted research into linkd between liver disease and SDOH, defined as the conditions under which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These are fundamental drivers of health disparities, including those in MASLD.
 

Study Details

Primary outcomes were MASLD burden, mortality, and comorbidities by neighborhood SDOH, assessed using the SDI in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

A total of 69,191 adult patients (more than 50% female) diagnosed with MASLD were included, 45,003 of whom had at least 365 days of follow-up. They were treated from July 2012 to June 2023 in Banner Health Systems, a network that includes primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-care centers in Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, Nebraska, and California.

The median follow-up time was 48 months. Among patients across SDI quartiles (age range 49 to 62 years), 1390 patients (3.1%) died, 902 (2.0%) developed cirrhosis, 1087 (2.4%) developed LRE, 6537 (14.5%) developed DM, 2057 (4.6%) developed cancer, and 5409 (12.0%) developed MACE.

Those living in the most disadvantaged quartile of neighborhoods compared with the least had the following higher odds:

• cirrhosis, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.42 (P < .001)
• any cardiovascular (CVD) disease, aOR, 1.20 (P < .001),
• coronary artery disease, aOR, 1.17 (P < .001)
• congestive heart failure, aOR, 1.43 (P < .001)
• cerebrovascular accident, aOR, 1.19 (P = .001)
• DM, aOR, 1.57 (P < .001)
• hypertension, aOR, 1.38 (P < .001).

They also had increased incidence of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.47; P < .001), LRE (aHR, 1.31; P = .012), DM (aHR, 1.47; P < .001), and MACE (aHR, 1.24; P < .001). 

The study expands upon previous SDOH-related research in liver disease and is the largest analysis of neighborhood-level SDOH in patients with MASLD to date. “Our findings are consistent with a recent study by Chen et al of over 15,900 patients with MASLD in Michigan that found neighborhood-level social disadvantage was associated with increased mortality and incident LREs and CVD,” Wijarnpreecha and colleagues wrote. 

“Beyond screening patients for individual-level SDOH, neighborhood-level determinants of health should also be considered, as they are important mediators between the environment and the individual,” they added, calling for studies to better understand the specific neighborhood SDOH that drive the disparate outcomes. In practice, integration of these measures into medical records might inform clinicians which patients would benefit from social services or help guide quality improvement projects and community partnerships.

Wijarnpreecha had no conflicts of interest to disclose. Several coauthors reported research support, consulting/advisory work, or stock ownership for various private-sector companies.
 

Neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDOH) are associated with the burden, comorbidities, and mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease (MASLD). These health mediators should be considered along with individual SDOH in clinical care and healthcare quality and equity improvement, a large retrospective study of adults with MASLD at a multi-state healthcare institution concluded.

Across quartiles, patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (according to home addresses) vs the least disadvantaged had worse outcomes and were also disproportionately Hispanic, Black, and Native American/Alaska Native, more often Spanish-speaking in primary language, and more often uninsured or on Medicaid, according to Karn Wijarnpreecha, MD, MPH, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, and colleagues writing in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Even after adjustment for measures in the Social Deprivation Index (SDI), the incidence of death, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was higher in Native American/Alaska Native patients compared with their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The SDI is a composite measure of seven demographic characteristics from the American Community Survey, with scores ranging from 1 to 100 and weighted based on characteristics from national percentile rankings.

Aligning with the growing prevalence of obesity and DM, MASLD has increased substantially over the past three decades, and is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in this country and the world. 

This rise in prevalence has underscored health disparities in MASLD and prompted research into linkd between liver disease and SDOH, defined as the conditions under which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These are fundamental drivers of health disparities, including those in MASLD.
 

Study Details

Primary outcomes were MASLD burden, mortality, and comorbidities by neighborhood SDOH, assessed using the SDI in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

A total of 69,191 adult patients (more than 50% female) diagnosed with MASLD were included, 45,003 of whom had at least 365 days of follow-up. They were treated from July 2012 to June 2023 in Banner Health Systems, a network that includes primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-care centers in Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, Nebraska, and California.

The median follow-up time was 48 months. Among patients across SDI quartiles (age range 49 to 62 years), 1390 patients (3.1%) died, 902 (2.0%) developed cirrhosis, 1087 (2.4%) developed LRE, 6537 (14.5%) developed DM, 2057 (4.6%) developed cancer, and 5409 (12.0%) developed MACE.

Those living in the most disadvantaged quartile of neighborhoods compared with the least had the following higher odds:

• cirrhosis, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.42 (P < .001)
• any cardiovascular (CVD) disease, aOR, 1.20 (P < .001),
• coronary artery disease, aOR, 1.17 (P < .001)
• congestive heart failure, aOR, 1.43 (P < .001)
• cerebrovascular accident, aOR, 1.19 (P = .001)
• DM, aOR, 1.57 (P < .001)
• hypertension, aOR, 1.38 (P < .001).

They also had increased incidence of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.47; P < .001), LRE (aHR, 1.31; P = .012), DM (aHR, 1.47; P < .001), and MACE (aHR, 1.24; P < .001). 

The study expands upon previous SDOH-related research in liver disease and is the largest analysis of neighborhood-level SDOH in patients with MASLD to date. “Our findings are consistent with a recent study by Chen et al of over 15,900 patients with MASLD in Michigan that found neighborhood-level social disadvantage was associated with increased mortality and incident LREs and CVD,” Wijarnpreecha and colleagues wrote. 

“Beyond screening patients for individual-level SDOH, neighborhood-level determinants of health should also be considered, as they are important mediators between the environment and the individual,” they added, calling for studies to better understand the specific neighborhood SDOH that drive the disparate outcomes. In practice, integration of these measures into medical records might inform clinicians which patients would benefit from social services or help guide quality improvement projects and community partnerships.

Wijarnpreecha had no conflicts of interest to disclose. Several coauthors reported research support, consulting/advisory work, or stock ownership for various private-sector companies.
 

A head-to-head comparison of the JAK inhibitor drug tofacitinib and chimeric monoclonal antibody infliximab in the treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) shows that, contrary to concerns, tofacitinib is not associated with worse postoperative complications and in fact may reduce the risk of the need for colectomy.

“Tofacitinib has shown efficacy in managing ASUC, but concerns about postoperative complications have limited its adoption,” reported the authors in research published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.“This study shows that tofacitinib is safe and doesn’t impair wound healing or lead to more infections if the patient needs an urgent colectomy, which is unfortunately common in this population,” senior author Jeffrey A. Berinstein, MD, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, told GI & Hepatology News. 

Recent treatment advances for UC have provided significant benefits in reducing the severity of symptoms; however, about a quarter of patients go on to experience flares, with fecal urgency, rectal bleeding, and severe abdominal pain of ASUC potentially requiring hospitalization.

The standard of care for those patients is rapid induction with intravenous (IV) corticosteroids; however, up to 30% of patients don’t respond to those interventions, and even with subsequent treatment of cyclosporine and infliximab helping to reduce the risk for an urgent colectomy, patients often don’t respond, and ultimately, up to a third of patients with ASUC end up having to receive a colectomy.

While JAK inhibitor therapies, including tofacitinib and upadacitinib, have recently emerged as potentially important treatment options in such cases, showing reductions in the risk for colectomy, concerns about the drugs’ downstream biologic effects have given many clinicians reservations about their use.

“Anecdotally, gastroenterologists and surgeons have expressed concern about JAK inhibitors leading to poor wound healing, as well as increasing both intraoperative and postoperative complications, despite limited data to support these claims,” the authors wrote.

To better understand those possible risks, first author Charlotte Larson, MD, of the Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, and colleagues conducted a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of 109 patients hospitalized with ASUC at two centers in the US and 14 in France.

Of the patients, 41 were treated with tofacitinib and 68 with infliximab prior to colectomy. 

Among patients treated with tofacitinib, five (12.2%) received infliximab and four (9.8%) received cyclosporine rescue immediately prior to receiving tofacitinib during the index admission. In the infliximab group, one (1.5%) received rescue cyclosporine.

In a univariate analysis, the tofacitinib-treated patients showed significantly lower overall rates of postoperative complications than infliximab-treated patients (31.7% vs 64.7%; odds ratio [OR], 0.33; P = .006).

The tofacitinib-treated group also had lower rates of serious postoperative complications (12% vs 28.9; OR, 0.20; P = .016).

After adjusting for multivariate factors including age, inflammatory burden, nutrition status, 90-day cumulative corticosteroid exposure and open surgery, there was a trend favoring tofacitinib but no statistically significant difference between the two treatments in terms of serious postoperative complications (P = .061). 

However, a significantly lower rate of overall postoperative complications with tofacitinib was observed after the adjustment (odds ratio, 0.38; P = .023).

Importantly, a subanalysis showed that the 63.4% of tofacitinib-treated patients receiving the standard FDA-approved induction dose of 10 mg twice daily did indeed have significantly lower rates than infliximab-treated patients in terms of serious postoperative complications (OR, .10; P = .031), as well as overall postoperative complications (OR, 0.23; P = .003), whereas neither of the outcomes were significantly improved among the 36.6% of patients who received the higher-intensity thrice-daily tofacitinib dose (P = .3 and P = .4, respectively).

Further complicating the matter, in a previous case-control study that the research team conducted, it was the off-label, 10 mg thrice-daily dose of tofacitinib that performed favorably and was associated with a significantly lower risk for colectomy than the twice-daily dose (hazard ratio 0.28; P = .018); the twice-daily dose was not protective.

Berinstein added that a hypothesis for the benefits overall, with either dose, is that tofacitinib’s anti-inflammatory properties are key.

“We believe that lowering inflammation as much as possible, with the colon less inflamed, could be providing the benefit in lowering complications rate in surgery,” he explained.

Regarding the dosing, “it’s a careful trade-off,” Berinstein added. “Obviously, we want to avoid the need for a colectomy in the first place, as it is a life-changing surgery, but we don’t want to increase the risk of infections.” 

In other findings, the tofacitinib group had no increased risk for postoperative venous thrombotic embolisms (VTEs), which is important as tofacitinib exposure has previously been associated with an increased risk for VTEs independent of other prothrombotic factors common to patients with ASUC, including decreased ambulation, active inflammation, corticosteroid use, and major colorectal surgery.

“This observed absence of an increased VTE risk may alleviate some of the hypothetical postoperative safety concern attributed to JAK inhibitor therapy in this high-risk population,” the authors wrote.

Overall, the results underscore that “providers should feel comfortable using this medication if they need it and if they think it’s most likely to help their patients avoid colectomy,” Berinstein said.

“They should not give pause over concerns of postoperative complications because we didn’t show that,” he said.

Commenting on the study, Joseph D. Feuerstein, MD, AGAF, of the Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, noted that, in general, in patients with ASUC who fail on IV steroids, “the main treatments are infliximab, cyclosporine, or a JAK inhibitor like tofacitinib or upadacitinib, [and] knowing that if someone needs surgery, the complication rates are similar and that pre-operative use is okay is reassuring.”

Regarding the protective effect observed with some circumstances, “I don’t put too much weight into that,” he noted. “[One] could speculate that it is somehow related to faster half-life of the drug, and it might not sit around as long,” he said.

Feuerstein added that “the study design being retrospective is a limitation, but this is the best data we have to date.”

Berinstein and Feuerstein had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com . 

A head-to-head comparison of the JAK inhibitor drug tofacitinib and chimeric monoclonal antibody infliximab in the treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) shows that, contrary to concerns, tofacitinib is not associated with worse postoperative complications and in fact may reduce the risk of the need for colectomy.

“Tofacitinib has shown efficacy in managing ASUC, but concerns about postoperative complications have limited its adoption,” reported the authors in research published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.“This study shows that tofacitinib is safe and doesn’t impair wound healing or lead to more infections if the patient needs an urgent colectomy, which is unfortunately common in this population,” senior author Jeffrey A. Berinstein, MD, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, told GI & Hepatology News. 

Recent treatment advances for UC have provided significant benefits in reducing the severity of symptoms; however, about a quarter of patients go on to experience flares, with fecal urgency, rectal bleeding, and severe abdominal pain of ASUC potentially requiring hospitalization.

The standard of care for those patients is rapid induction with intravenous (IV) corticosteroids; however, up to 30% of patients don’t respond to those interventions, and even with subsequent treatment of cyclosporine and infliximab helping to reduce the risk for an urgent colectomy, patients often don’t respond, and ultimately, up to a third of patients with ASUC end up having to receive a colectomy.

While JAK inhibitor therapies, including tofacitinib and upadacitinib, have recently emerged as potentially important treatment options in such cases, showing reductions in the risk for colectomy, concerns about the drugs’ downstream biologic effects have given many clinicians reservations about their use.

“Anecdotally, gastroenterologists and surgeons have expressed concern about JAK inhibitors leading to poor wound healing, as well as increasing both intraoperative and postoperative complications, despite limited data to support these claims,” the authors wrote.

To better understand those possible risks, first author Charlotte Larson, MD, of the Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, and colleagues conducted a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of 109 patients hospitalized with ASUC at two centers in the US and 14 in France.

Of the patients, 41 were treated with tofacitinib and 68 with infliximab prior to colectomy. 

Among patients treated with tofacitinib, five (12.2%) received infliximab and four (9.8%) received cyclosporine rescue immediately prior to receiving tofacitinib during the index admission. In the infliximab group, one (1.5%) received rescue cyclosporine.

In a univariate analysis, the tofacitinib-treated patients showed significantly lower overall rates of postoperative complications than infliximab-treated patients (31.7% vs 64.7%; odds ratio [OR], 0.33; P = .006).

The tofacitinib-treated group also had lower rates of serious postoperative complications (12% vs 28.9; OR, 0.20; P = .016).

After adjusting for multivariate factors including age, inflammatory burden, nutrition status, 90-day cumulative corticosteroid exposure and open surgery, there was a trend favoring tofacitinib but no statistically significant difference between the two treatments in terms of serious postoperative complications (P = .061). 

However, a significantly lower rate of overall postoperative complications with tofacitinib was observed after the adjustment (odds ratio, 0.38; P = .023).

Importantly, a subanalysis showed that the 63.4% of tofacitinib-treated patients receiving the standard FDA-approved induction dose of 10 mg twice daily did indeed have significantly lower rates than infliximab-treated patients in terms of serious postoperative complications (OR, .10; P = .031), as well as overall postoperative complications (OR, 0.23; P = .003), whereas neither of the outcomes were significantly improved among the 36.6% of patients who received the higher-intensity thrice-daily tofacitinib dose (P = .3 and P = .4, respectively).

Further complicating the matter, in a previous case-control study that the research team conducted, it was the off-label, 10 mg thrice-daily dose of tofacitinib that performed favorably and was associated with a significantly lower risk for colectomy than the twice-daily dose (hazard ratio 0.28; P = .018); the twice-daily dose was not protective.

Berinstein added that a hypothesis for the benefits overall, with either dose, is that tofacitinib’s anti-inflammatory properties are key.

“We believe that lowering inflammation as much as possible, with the colon less inflamed, could be providing the benefit in lowering complications rate in surgery,” he explained.

Regarding the dosing, “it’s a careful trade-off,” Berinstein added. “Obviously, we want to avoid the need for a colectomy in the first place, as it is a life-changing surgery, but we don’t want to increase the risk of infections.” 

In other findings, the tofacitinib group had no increased risk for postoperative venous thrombotic embolisms (VTEs), which is important as tofacitinib exposure has previously been associated with an increased risk for VTEs independent of other prothrombotic factors common to patients with ASUC, including decreased ambulation, active inflammation, corticosteroid use, and major colorectal surgery.

“This observed absence of an increased VTE risk may alleviate some of the hypothetical postoperative safety concern attributed to JAK inhibitor therapy in this high-risk population,” the authors wrote.

Overall, the results underscore that “providers should feel comfortable using this medication if they need it and if they think it’s most likely to help their patients avoid colectomy,” Berinstein said.

“They should not give pause over concerns of postoperative complications because we didn’t show that,” he said.

Commenting on the study, Joseph D. Feuerstein, MD, AGAF, of the Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, noted that, in general, in patients with ASUC who fail on IV steroids, “the main treatments are infliximab, cyclosporine, or a JAK inhibitor like tofacitinib or upadacitinib, [and] knowing that if someone needs surgery, the complication rates are similar and that pre-operative use is okay is reassuring.”

Regarding the protective effect observed with some circumstances, “I don’t put too much weight into that,” he noted. “[One] could speculate that it is somehow related to faster half-life of the drug, and it might not sit around as long,” he said.

Feuerstein added that “the study design being retrospective is a limitation, but this is the best data we have to date.”

Berinstein and Feuerstein had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com . 

A head-to-head comparison of the JAK inhibitor drug tofacitinib and chimeric monoclonal antibody infliximab in the treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) shows that, contrary to concerns, tofacitinib is not associated with worse postoperative complications and in fact may reduce the risk of the need for colectomy.

“Tofacitinib has shown efficacy in managing ASUC, but concerns about postoperative complications have limited its adoption,” reported the authors in research published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.“This study shows that tofacitinib is safe and doesn’t impair wound healing or lead to more infections if the patient needs an urgent colectomy, which is unfortunately common in this population,” senior author Jeffrey A. Berinstein, MD, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, told GI & Hepatology News. 

Recent treatment advances for UC have provided significant benefits in reducing the severity of symptoms; however, about a quarter of patients go on to experience flares, with fecal urgency, rectal bleeding, and severe abdominal pain of ASUC potentially requiring hospitalization.

The standard of care for those patients is rapid induction with intravenous (IV) corticosteroids; however, up to 30% of patients don’t respond to those interventions, and even with subsequent treatment of cyclosporine and infliximab helping to reduce the risk for an urgent colectomy, patients often don’t respond, and ultimately, up to a third of patients with ASUC end up having to receive a colectomy.

While JAK inhibitor therapies, including tofacitinib and upadacitinib, have recently emerged as potentially important treatment options in such cases, showing reductions in the risk for colectomy, concerns about the drugs’ downstream biologic effects have given many clinicians reservations about their use.

“Anecdotally, gastroenterologists and surgeons have expressed concern about JAK inhibitors leading to poor wound healing, as well as increasing both intraoperative and postoperative complications, despite limited data to support these claims,” the authors wrote.

To better understand those possible risks, first author Charlotte Larson, MD, of the Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, and colleagues conducted a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of 109 patients hospitalized with ASUC at two centers in the US and 14 in France.

Of the patients, 41 were treated with tofacitinib and 68 with infliximab prior to colectomy. 

Among patients treated with tofacitinib, five (12.2%) received infliximab and four (9.8%) received cyclosporine rescue immediately prior to receiving tofacitinib during the index admission. In the infliximab group, one (1.5%) received rescue cyclosporine.

In a univariate analysis, the tofacitinib-treated patients showed significantly lower overall rates of postoperative complications than infliximab-treated patients (31.7% vs 64.7%; odds ratio [OR], 0.33; P = .006).

The tofacitinib-treated group also had lower rates of serious postoperative complications (12% vs 28.9; OR, 0.20; P = .016).

After adjusting for multivariate factors including age, inflammatory burden, nutrition status, 90-day cumulative corticosteroid exposure and open surgery, there was a trend favoring tofacitinib but no statistically significant difference between the two treatments in terms of serious postoperative complications (P = .061). 

However, a significantly lower rate of overall postoperative complications with tofacitinib was observed after the adjustment (odds ratio, 0.38; P = .023).

Importantly, a subanalysis showed that the 63.4% of tofacitinib-treated patients receiving the standard FDA-approved induction dose of 10 mg twice daily did indeed have significantly lower rates than infliximab-treated patients in terms of serious postoperative complications (OR, .10; P = .031), as well as overall postoperative complications (OR, 0.23; P = .003), whereas neither of the outcomes were significantly improved among the 36.6% of patients who received the higher-intensity thrice-daily tofacitinib dose (P = .3 and P = .4, respectively).

Further complicating the matter, in a previous case-control study that the research team conducted, it was the off-label, 10 mg thrice-daily dose of tofacitinib that performed favorably and was associated with a significantly lower risk for colectomy than the twice-daily dose (hazard ratio 0.28; P = .018); the twice-daily dose was not protective.

Berinstein added that a hypothesis for the benefits overall, with either dose, is that tofacitinib’s anti-inflammatory properties are key.

“We believe that lowering inflammation as much as possible, with the colon less inflamed, could be providing the benefit in lowering complications rate in surgery,” he explained.

Regarding the dosing, “it’s a careful trade-off,” Berinstein added. “Obviously, we want to avoid the need for a colectomy in the first place, as it is a life-changing surgery, but we don’t want to increase the risk of infections.” 

In other findings, the tofacitinib group had no increased risk for postoperative venous thrombotic embolisms (VTEs), which is important as tofacitinib exposure has previously been associated with an increased risk for VTEs independent of other prothrombotic factors common to patients with ASUC, including decreased ambulation, active inflammation, corticosteroid use, and major colorectal surgery.

“This observed absence of an increased VTE risk may alleviate some of the hypothetical postoperative safety concern attributed to JAK inhibitor therapy in this high-risk population,” the authors wrote.

Overall, the results underscore that “providers should feel comfortable using this medication if they need it and if they think it’s most likely to help their patients avoid colectomy,” Berinstein said.

“They should not give pause over concerns of postoperative complications because we didn’t show that,” he said.

Commenting on the study, Joseph D. Feuerstein, MD, AGAF, of the Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, noted that, in general, in patients with ASUC who fail on IV steroids, “the main treatments are infliximab, cyclosporine, or a JAK inhibitor like tofacitinib or upadacitinib, [and] knowing that if someone needs surgery, the complication rates are similar and that pre-operative use is okay is reassuring.”

Regarding the protective effect observed with some circumstances, “I don’t put too much weight into that,” he noted. “[One] could speculate that it is somehow related to faster half-life of the drug, and it might not sit around as long,” he said.

Feuerstein added that “the study design being retrospective is a limitation, but this is the best data we have to date.”

Berinstein and Feuerstein had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com . 

The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) has released a comprehensive clinical practice update on lifting agents for endoscopic surgery.

Published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the commentary reviews available agents and provides clinically relevant commentary on their indications and use — with the caveat that it is not a formal systematic review but rather empirical advice for endoscopists. No formal rating of the quality of evidence or strength of recommendations was performed.

Led by Tobias Zuchelli, MD, a clinical associate professor at Michigan State University and a gastroenterologist at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, the expert panel noted that endoscopists are increasingly resecting precancerous lesions and early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Although new endoscopic procedures have been developed, there had not been much in terms of high-quality guidance on lifting agents,” panelist Amit V. Patel, MD, a professor of medicine at Duke University and director of Endoscopy at Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, told GI & Hepatology News. “With our better understanding and use of techniques, this commentary was timely. It summarizes the available data on the topic and includes our clinical experiences.”

Filling that knowledge gap, the document reviews in detail the timing and methods of agent injection according to procedure type, including the dynamic needle approach, the empirical merits of different agents such as saline (with or without blue contrast) and viscous agents, as well as lift-enhancing assistive devices — for example, the ERBEJET 2 high-pressure water jet, an adjustable hydrosurgical device to facilitate lifting. A chart provides an at-a-glance summary of agents and their pros and cons.

“The feedback from gastroenterologists so far has been quite positive on social media and on GI channels,” Patel said.

Endoscopic resection has evolved from snare polypectomy to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and now, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The primary benefit of submucosal lifting is the creation of a separating submucosal cushion between the lesion and muscularis propria (MP), which reduces the risk for immediate or delayed perforation of the muscle. Adding a contrast agent also demarcates lesion margins and stains the submucosa, which is fundamental to ESD and allows for assessment of MP injury during EMR.

For decades, homemade solutions were used to lift lesions before removal, with the sentinel agent being normal saline, later mixed with a blue contrast agent, usually indigo carmine or methylene blue. The authors noted that some endoscopists performing ESD start the submucosal injection and incision using a prepackaged viscous solution. “The endoscopist may continue with the viscous fluid or transition to saline or another less expensive solution,” they wrote.

Saline tends to dissipate more quickly than viscous solutions, however. In 2015, the polymer compound SIC-8000 became the first FDA-approved submucosal injection agent. Since then, several other fluids have come on the market, although homemade agents remain available.

Among the update’s recommendations, the fluid selected for EMR should be determined by lesion size, predicted histology, and endoscopist preference. Based on the US Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) on Colorectal Cancer, submucosal injection is optional for nonpedunculated colorectal lesions (NPCRLs) of intermediate size (10-19 mm).

Cold snare polypectomy without submucosal injection was later found to be non-inferior to other resection methods utilizing submucosal injection for NPCRLs ≤ 15 mm. 

The update noted that the USMSTF considers EMR first-line therapy for most NPCRLs ≥ 20 mm and advocates viscous solutions as preferred, while the use of lifting agents for pedunculated polyps is generally at the discretion of the endoscopist.

For Patel, the main “clinical pearls” in the update are adding a contrast agent to normal saline, using a viscous agent for cold EMR, and manipulating the injection needle first tangentially and then dynamically toward the lumen to maximize separation of the lesion.

In terms of the ideal, an optimal lifting solution would be readily available, inexpensive, and premixed, providing a sustained submucosal cushion. “However, this ideal solution currently does not exist. Injection fluids should, therefore, be selected based on planned resection method, predicted histology, local expertise and preferences, and cost,” the panelists wrote.

Added Patel, “A lot of the agents out there check most of these boxes, but we’re hoping for further development toward the ideal.”

Offering a nonparticipant’s perspective on the overview, Wasseem Skef, MD, a gastroenterologist at UTHealth Houston, found the update very useful. “It always helps to have the literature summarized,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “It’s a pretty balanced review that pulls together the various options but allows people to stick to their preferred practice.”

In his practice, the lifting agent selected depends on the type of resection. “Viscous agents are generally more popular for EMR-type resections,” Skef said. One unanswered question, he noted, is whether adding a hemostatic agent would be superior to a viscous agent alone. “But overall, this is a nice summary of available agents. Gastroenterologists should consider these different options if doing procedures like EMR.”

This review was sponsored by the AGA Institute. 

Zuchelli is a consultant for Boston Scientific. Patel consults for Medpace, Renexxion, and Sanofi. Skef reported having no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com . 

The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) has released a comprehensive clinical practice update on lifting agents for endoscopic surgery.

Published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the commentary reviews available agents and provides clinically relevant commentary on their indications and use — with the caveat that it is not a formal systematic review but rather empirical advice for endoscopists. No formal rating of the quality of evidence or strength of recommendations was performed.

Led by Tobias Zuchelli, MD, a clinical associate professor at Michigan State University and a gastroenterologist at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, the expert panel noted that endoscopists are increasingly resecting precancerous lesions and early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Although new endoscopic procedures have been developed, there had not been much in terms of high-quality guidance on lifting agents,” panelist Amit V. Patel, MD, a professor of medicine at Duke University and director of Endoscopy at Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, told GI & Hepatology News. “With our better understanding and use of techniques, this commentary was timely. It summarizes the available data on the topic and includes our clinical experiences.”

Filling that knowledge gap, the document reviews in detail the timing and methods of agent injection according to procedure type, including the dynamic needle approach, the empirical merits of different agents such as saline (with or without blue contrast) and viscous agents, as well as lift-enhancing assistive devices — for example, the ERBEJET 2 high-pressure water jet, an adjustable hydrosurgical device to facilitate lifting. A chart provides an at-a-glance summary of agents and their pros and cons.

“The feedback from gastroenterologists so far has been quite positive on social media and on GI channels,” Patel said.

Endoscopic resection has evolved from snare polypectomy to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and now, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The primary benefit of submucosal lifting is the creation of a separating submucosal cushion between the lesion and muscularis propria (MP), which reduces the risk for immediate or delayed perforation of the muscle. Adding a contrast agent also demarcates lesion margins and stains the submucosa, which is fundamental to ESD and allows for assessment of MP injury during EMR.

For decades, homemade solutions were used to lift lesions before removal, with the sentinel agent being normal saline, later mixed with a blue contrast agent, usually indigo carmine or methylene blue. The authors noted that some endoscopists performing ESD start the submucosal injection and incision using a prepackaged viscous solution. “The endoscopist may continue with the viscous fluid or transition to saline or another less expensive solution,” they wrote.

Saline tends to dissipate more quickly than viscous solutions, however. In 2015, the polymer compound SIC-8000 became the first FDA-approved submucosal injection agent. Since then, several other fluids have come on the market, although homemade agents remain available.

Among the update’s recommendations, the fluid selected for EMR should be determined by lesion size, predicted histology, and endoscopist preference. Based on the US Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) on Colorectal Cancer, submucosal injection is optional for nonpedunculated colorectal lesions (NPCRLs) of intermediate size (10-19 mm).

Cold snare polypectomy without submucosal injection was later found to be non-inferior to other resection methods utilizing submucosal injection for NPCRLs ≤ 15 mm. 

The update noted that the USMSTF considers EMR first-line therapy for most NPCRLs ≥ 20 mm and advocates viscous solutions as preferred, while the use of lifting agents for pedunculated polyps is generally at the discretion of the endoscopist.

For Patel, the main “clinical pearls” in the update are adding a contrast agent to normal saline, using a viscous agent for cold EMR, and manipulating the injection needle first tangentially and then dynamically toward the lumen to maximize separation of the lesion.

In terms of the ideal, an optimal lifting solution would be readily available, inexpensive, and premixed, providing a sustained submucosal cushion. “However, this ideal solution currently does not exist. Injection fluids should, therefore, be selected based on planned resection method, predicted histology, local expertise and preferences, and cost,” the panelists wrote.

Added Patel, “A lot of the agents out there check most of these boxes, but we’re hoping for further development toward the ideal.”

Offering a nonparticipant’s perspective on the overview, Wasseem Skef, MD, a gastroenterologist at UTHealth Houston, found the update very useful. “It always helps to have the literature summarized,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “It’s a pretty balanced review that pulls together the various options but allows people to stick to their preferred practice.”

In his practice, the lifting agent selected depends on the type of resection. “Viscous agents are generally more popular for EMR-type resections,” Skef said. One unanswered question, he noted, is whether adding a hemostatic agent would be superior to a viscous agent alone. “But overall, this is a nice summary of available agents. Gastroenterologists should consider these different options if doing procedures like EMR.”

This review was sponsored by the AGA Institute. 

Zuchelli is a consultant for Boston Scientific. Patel consults for Medpace, Renexxion, and Sanofi. Skef reported having no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com . 

The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) has released a comprehensive clinical practice update on lifting agents for endoscopic surgery.

Published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the commentary reviews available agents and provides clinically relevant commentary on their indications and use — with the caveat that it is not a formal systematic review but rather empirical advice for endoscopists. No formal rating of the quality of evidence or strength of recommendations was performed.

Led by Tobias Zuchelli, MD, a clinical associate professor at Michigan State University and a gastroenterologist at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, the expert panel noted that endoscopists are increasingly resecting precancerous lesions and early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Although new endoscopic procedures have been developed, there had not been much in terms of high-quality guidance on lifting agents,” panelist Amit V. Patel, MD, a professor of medicine at Duke University and director of Endoscopy at Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, told GI & Hepatology News. “With our better understanding and use of techniques, this commentary was timely. It summarizes the available data on the topic and includes our clinical experiences.”

Filling that knowledge gap, the document reviews in detail the timing and methods of agent injection according to procedure type, including the dynamic needle approach, the empirical merits of different agents such as saline (with or without blue contrast) and viscous agents, as well as lift-enhancing assistive devices — for example, the ERBEJET 2 high-pressure water jet, an adjustable hydrosurgical device to facilitate lifting. A chart provides an at-a-glance summary of agents and their pros and cons.

“The feedback from gastroenterologists so far has been quite positive on social media and on GI channels,” Patel said.

Endoscopic resection has evolved from snare polypectomy to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and now, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The primary benefit of submucosal lifting is the creation of a separating submucosal cushion between the lesion and muscularis propria (MP), which reduces the risk for immediate or delayed perforation of the muscle. Adding a contrast agent also demarcates lesion margins and stains the submucosa, which is fundamental to ESD and allows for assessment of MP injury during EMR.

For decades, homemade solutions were used to lift lesions before removal, with the sentinel agent being normal saline, later mixed with a blue contrast agent, usually indigo carmine or methylene blue. The authors noted that some endoscopists performing ESD start the submucosal injection and incision using a prepackaged viscous solution. “The endoscopist may continue with the viscous fluid or transition to saline or another less expensive solution,” they wrote.

Saline tends to dissipate more quickly than viscous solutions, however. In 2015, the polymer compound SIC-8000 became the first FDA-approved submucosal injection agent. Since then, several other fluids have come on the market, although homemade agents remain available.

Among the update’s recommendations, the fluid selected for EMR should be determined by lesion size, predicted histology, and endoscopist preference. Based on the US Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) on Colorectal Cancer, submucosal injection is optional for nonpedunculated colorectal lesions (NPCRLs) of intermediate size (10-19 mm).

Cold snare polypectomy without submucosal injection was later found to be non-inferior to other resection methods utilizing submucosal injection for NPCRLs ≤ 15 mm. 

The update noted that the USMSTF considers EMR first-line therapy for most NPCRLs ≥ 20 mm and advocates viscous solutions as preferred, while the use of lifting agents for pedunculated polyps is generally at the discretion of the endoscopist.

For Patel, the main “clinical pearls” in the update are adding a contrast agent to normal saline, using a viscous agent for cold EMR, and manipulating the injection needle first tangentially and then dynamically toward the lumen to maximize separation of the lesion.

In terms of the ideal, an optimal lifting solution would be readily available, inexpensive, and premixed, providing a sustained submucosal cushion. “However, this ideal solution currently does not exist. Injection fluids should, therefore, be selected based on planned resection method, predicted histology, local expertise and preferences, and cost,” the panelists wrote.

Added Patel, “A lot of the agents out there check most of these boxes, but we’re hoping for further development toward the ideal.”

Offering a nonparticipant’s perspective on the overview, Wasseem Skef, MD, a gastroenterologist at UTHealth Houston, found the update very useful. “It always helps to have the literature summarized,” he told GI & Hepatology News. “It’s a pretty balanced review that pulls together the various options but allows people to stick to their preferred practice.”

In his practice, the lifting agent selected depends on the type of resection. “Viscous agents are generally more popular for EMR-type resections,” Skef said. One unanswered question, he noted, is whether adding a hemostatic agent would be superior to a viscous agent alone. “But overall, this is a nice summary of available agents. Gastroenterologists should consider these different options if doing procedures like EMR.”

This review was sponsored by the AGA Institute. 

Zuchelli is a consultant for Boston Scientific. Patel consults for Medpace, Renexxion, and Sanofi. Skef reported having no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com .